1. Motivation First hour – What is it that drives and directs behaviour? Acquired Motivation Homeostasis, Tolerance and Withdrawal The concept of “Motivation” Needs Maslow’s hierarchy of Motivation Motivation and cognition Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

2. Primarily biological Primarily learned e.g., hunger, thirst (Ch. 3) e.g. desire to acquire possessions (Ch. 13, 15) e.g. sex (Ch. 3, 11) e.g. need for prestige (Ch. 13, 15) Primarily involving the individual Primarily social

3. (See Gleitman pp. 628-629)

4. Motivation and cognition Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation -Deci and Ryan’s cognitive evaluation theory “…external rewards often undermine intrinsic motivation... Essentially, feeling bribed by, or pawn to external reward contingencies...can decrease the extent to which an originally interesting or enjoyable activity continues to be experienced as self-rewarding.”

5. Variables that interact with intrinsic/extrinsic motivation: Personality – High versus low achievers Tauer and Harackiewicz (1999) Measurement of performance Time spent on task or the “Free-Time Paradigm” versus performance on task. Weirsma (1992) Type of task Pleasurable tasks vs. functional tasks

6. Opponent Process Model for Tolerance and Withdrawal (1980) “People experience one emotion by suppressing the opposite emotion” Richard Soloman

7. time  Underlying processes : Actually experienced: (First few occasions) (After many occasions) 0 0 tolerance “A” state “B” state withdrawal time  0 0 peak “A” state “B” state adaptation Underlying processes : Actually experienced: 1 2 3 4