1. Scoliosis – lateral spinal curvature Commonly in thorax Treated before bone growth is completed Kyphosis –dorsal spinal curvature Hunchback Results from osteoporosis, rickets, etc. Lordosis – ventral lumbar curvature Heavy belly load (potbelly, pregnant)

3. Flexion: Bending movement along the sagittal plane Decreases the angle of a joint Brings the articulating bones closer together

4. Bending the head forward on the chest

5. Bending the knee Raising the arm in an anterior direction

6. Extension: Opposite of flexion Straightening movement along the sagittal plane Increases the angle at a joint Moves the articulating bones further apart

7. Straightening the knee Moving the arm to a point posterior to the shoulder

8. Tilting the head backwards

9. Abduction: Movement along the coronal plane Away from the midline

10. Moving the arm sideways, away from the body Moving the fingers away from the third digit

11. Adduction: Opposite of abduction Towards the midline

12. Moving the arms towards the midline of the trunk Moving the fingers towards the third digit

13. Circumduction: Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction Moving a limb in a conical shape

14. Twirling the arm Twirling the thumb

15. Rotation: Turning the bone along its own axis

16. Turning the head

17. Turning the femur towards the midline (medial rotation) Turning the femur away from the midline (lateral rotation)

18. Elevation Lifting in a superior direction Shrugging the shoulders Closing the mouth

19. Depression: Moving in an inferior direction Opening the mouth

20. Protraction: Anterior movements in a transverse plane Jutting the jaw out

21. Retraction: Opposite of protraction Moving the jaw back

22. Dorsiflexion: Lifting the foot

23. Plantar-flexion: Depressing the foot

24. Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot medially

25. Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot laterally

26. Supination: Movement of the radius and ulna Lateral rotation of the arm so palm faces superiorly Anatomical position Ulna and Radius are parallel

27. Pronation: Opposite of supination Medial rotation of the arm so palm faces inferiorly Relaxed positio n Ulna and Radius are crossed