2. TEM - interiorSEM - surface

3. Animal Cell

4. Plant Cell

7. Endomembrane System

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum u Often referred to as ER. u Makes up to 1/2 of the total membrane in cells. u Often continuous with the nuclear membrane.

10. Structure of ER u Folded sheets or tubes of membranes. u Very “fluid” in structure with the membranes constantly changing size and shape.

11. Types of ER u Smooth ER: no ribosomes. u Used for lipid synthesis, carbohydrate storage, detoxification of poisons. u Rough ER: with ribosomes. u Makes secretory proteins.

13. Function of Golgi Bodies u Processing - modification of ER products. u Distribution - packaging of ER products for transport.

14. Golgi Vesicles u Small sacs of membranes that bud off the Golgi Body. u Transportation vehicle for the modified ER products.

15. Lysosome Function u Breakdown and degradation of cellular materials. u Contains enzymes for fats, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. u Over 40 types known.

18. Lysosomes u Important in cell death. u Missing enzymes may cause various genetic enzyme diseases. u Examples: Tay-Sachs, Pompe’s Disease

19. Vacuoles u Structure - single membrane, usually larger than the Golgi vesicles. u Function - depends on the organism.

22. Function u Water regulation. u Storage of ions. u Storage of hydrophilic pigments. (e.g. red and blues in flower petals).

23. Function: Plant vacuole u Used to enlarge cells and create turgor pressure. u Enzymes (various types). u Store toxins. u Coloration.

24. Enzymes in a crystal

25. Mitochondria u Structure: 2 membranes. The inner membrane has more surface area than the outer membrane. u Matrix: inner space. u Intermembrane space: area between the membranes.

27. Inner Membrane u Folded into cristae. u Amount of folding depends on the level of cell activity. u Contains many enzymes. u ATP generated here.

28. Function u Cell Respiration - the release of energy from food. u Major location of ATP generation. u “Powerhouse” of the cell.

29. Chloroplasts u Structure - two outer membranes. u Complex internal membrane. u Fluid-like stroma is around the internal membranes.

31. Inner or Thylakoid Membranes u Arranged into flattened sacs called thylakoids. u Some regions stacked into layers called grana. u Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

32. Function u Photosynthesis - the use of light energy to make food.

33. Plastids u Group of plant organelles. u Structure - single membrane. u Function - store various materials.

34. Examples u Amyloplasts/ Leucoplasts - store starch. u Chromoplasts - store hydrophobic plant pigments such as carotene.

35. Cytoskeleton u Network of rods and filaments in the cytoplasm.

37. Functions u Cell structure and shape. u Cell movement. u Cell division - helps build cell walls and move the chromosomes apart.

38. Cytoskeleton u Very dynamic; changing in composition and shape frequently. u Cell is not just a "bag" of cytoplasm within a cell membrane.

39. Cell Wall u Nonliving jacket that surrounds some cells. u Found in: u Plants u Prokaryotes u Fungi u Some Protists

40. Plant Cell Walls u All plant cells have a Primary Cell Wall. u Some cells will develop a Secondary Cell Wall.

42. Cell Walls u May be made of other types of polysaccharides and/or silica. u Function as the cell's exoskeleton for support and protection.