1. Revolution in Latin America

2. Revolution in Haiti Saint Dominique- French colony and part of Hispaniola. Aug 1791 calls for revolution and 100,000 slaves rose in revolt Toussaint L’ouverture emerges as a leader 1802French troops landed to dispose of him. He tried to barter for an end of slavery in the colonies He was sent to jail in the French Alps, where he died

3. Haiti’s Independence Jean Jacques Dessalines took over the fight and in 1804 declared the colony independent Haiti was the first black colony to declare independence

4. Latin America Sweeps to Freedom Sharply divided classes Peninsulares- men born in Spain (top of the social class) Creoles- Spanish born in the New World Mestizos- mixed descent- European/Native American Mulattos and Africans Indians

5. Creoles Spearhead Independence Least suppressed and most educated group Influenced by Enlightenment ideas

6. Events in Europe Trigger Latin American Revolutions Napoleon’s conquest triggered revolts in Spanish colonies No loyalty to French king in Spain

7. Libertadores End Spanish Rule 2 brilliant generals in South American Wars: Simon Bolivar- Venezuelan Creole Jose de San Martin- Argentinean

8. Bolivar’s Route to Victory 1811- Venezuela declares independence from Spain but the fight was not easily won 1819- Bogotá victory 1821- won Venezuela independence

9. San Martin 1816- declared Argentine independent 1817- w/O’Higgins freed Chile 1821- heads north toward Peru 1822- meets with Bolivar San Martin went to Europe and Bolivar took over the army and defeated the Spanish at the Battler of Ayacucho (Peru) in 1824

10. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule 1810- Miguel Hidalgo- call for rebellion 1811- Hidalgo defeated by upper classes (Creoles) Jose Maria Morelos- led revolution but was defeated in 1815

11. Mexico’s Independence 1821 – Mexico declares independence 1823- Central American states independent

12. Brazil Not violent and royal family plays a role 1807 – Napoleon’s armies to invade Spain and Portugal 1822 Creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from Portugal and they get it

13. Independence brings disunity independence increases poverty dream of united Central America fell apart- 1841 provinces split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras