1. The Great Awakening Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.
Preached ideas that went against Puritan beliefs and teachings.
JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.
This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.
The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

2. William Penn
William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.
Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

3. Benjamin Franklin Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father 1706 – 1790
Published Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies
Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life
Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence
Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War
Considered to be the “first civilized American”
Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove

4. Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America
Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

5. Major Eras and Events in U.S. History – Colonial America
Reasons for Colonization:
Religious freedom
Political freedom
Economic opportunity (mercantilism)
Social mobility
A better way of life

6. What are some reasons for European Exploration
Reasons for Exploration:
Religion
Wealth
Fame
National pride
Curiosity
Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia

7. Political reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies
Competition with Spain and France who already had many colonies in North America
Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)
Source of raw materials

8. What are some reasons for European colonization of North America
Reasons for Colonization:
Religious freedom
Political freedom
Economic opportunity (mercantilism)
Social mobility
A better way of life

9. Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies
Seeking religious freedom
Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs

10. Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:
Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life
England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

11. Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial Period
Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order
Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)
Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws

12. How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies
Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.
Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.
Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.

13. Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial Period
Political – no political voice; no rights
Economic – labor of the Plantation System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents
Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

14. Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial Period  
Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:
Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights
Economic – low wage earners
Social – lowest social class; limited access to education; socially isolated

15. Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:
Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created
Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida

16. 1607
Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America at
Jamestown, Virginia.

17. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

18. Mayflower Compact
Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule.
A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in
the colonies.

19. Mercantilism Trade route from: Europe→Africa Africa→West Indies
Europe→Africa
Africa→West Indies
West Indies→Europe

20. Slave Trade
System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society
in the South

21. Triangular Trade Route
First elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Based on Parliament.

22. Plantation System
System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society
in the South

23. House of Burgesses
First elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Based on Parliament.

24. New England Colonies Along the Atlantic Coast Subsistence farming
Poor soil
Cold climate
Forests
Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing shipbuilding
Political factors: town meetings, representative government
Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only large city)
Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims

25. Middle Colonies Rich soil Broad, deep rivers More natural ports
River valleys
Mild winters
Raw materials
Economic factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding
Political factors: more tolerance; diversity
Social factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities)
Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics

26. Southern Colonies Appalachian Mountains Navigable rivers Richer soil
Warm climate
Raw materials
Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice, cotton
Political factors: more slaves, more class-based society
Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah, Charleston were large cities)
Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse

27. Effects of Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Major Historical and Contemporary Events
Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created
The NewEngland Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.
Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society
Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)

28. Great Awakening Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.
Preached personal salvation as opposed to the Puritan beliefs of pre-destination.
JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.
This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion. The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

29. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

30. American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783
Taxation without Representation
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Unalienable Rights
Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown
Declaration of Independence
Articles of Confederation

31. 1776 Adoption of the Declaration of Independence
*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson
*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston
*“Common Sense”
Written by: Thomas Paine

32. Causes of the American Revolution
Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act
Intolerable Acts
Mercantilism
Lack of representation in Congress
British economic policies following the French and Indian War

33. Proclamation of 1763
*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

34. Stamp Act, 1765
Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.
British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;
colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;
Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

35. Taxation without Representation
Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.
Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).
The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s law-making body (Parliament).
Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation.”

36. Mercantilism
A system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.
It includes a favorable balance of trade.
The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country (England.)
The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country.
Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country

37. Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams
Served as John Adams’ confidant and support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.
Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.
Advocate for women’s rights.

38. John Adams Lawyer and politician
Defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre
A member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)
Strong supporter of independence
Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

39. Wentworth Cheswell African American Patriot
Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community tof the impending British invasion
Served in the Continental Army
Fought at the Battle of Saratoga

40. Sam Adams American Patriot
Played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution
Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre
Member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)
Cousin to John Adams

41. Mercy Otis Warren Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot
Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause

42. James Armistead *Slave in Virginia
*Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.
*Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.
*He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette
*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.

43. Benjamin Franklin
*A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence.
*Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France.
*He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.
*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga.
*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended the war.

44. Bernardo de’ Galvez *Spanish nobleman
*Became governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777)
*protected American ships in the port of New Orleans
*helped transport war supplies
*took up arms to fight the British and protect Louisiana

45. Crispus Attucks African American male
Unemployed dockworker in Boston, MA
Became the first casualty (first to die) of the American Revolution
Shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770

46. King George III *King of England during the Revolutionary Era
*Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire.
*To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance.
George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign.

47. Haym Solomon Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America
Played an important role in financing the American Revolution
Arrested by the British as a spy
Used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops
Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the British Army
Became a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops in the American Revolution

48. Patrick Henry Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses
Spoke against the Stamp Act
Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
During the American Revolution he served in the Continental Army

49. Thomas Jefferson Virginian Early leader in the American Revolution
Delegate to the Constinental Congress in Philadelphia in 1776
Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence
Chief author of the Declaration of Independence

50. Marquis de Lafayette
*French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA
*Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions
*Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional government
*Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the Continental Army

51. Thomas Paine Propagandist Journalist
In January, 1776, published a pamphlet, “Common Sense”
Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause.

52. George Washington *Virginian *surveyor, planter
*a soldier in the French and Indian War
*a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses
*commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

53. Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution
Declaring Independence
Writing the Articles of Confederation
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Yorktown
Enduring the winter at Valley Forge
Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783

54. Declaration of Independence
Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nation
“…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Listed grievances against the King of England
Written by Thomas Jefferson
July 4, 1776
Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia

55. Writing of the Articles of Confederation
Occurred at the Second Continental Congress
Created a new form of government for the independent colonies
Included one branch – a Congress
Each state had one vote
Created a very weak government with no executive