1. Stalinist Russia Domestic Policies Economic Policies

2. Did Stalin start something new or carry on what was started by Lenin? Soviet Historiography: Stalin ordered a compulsory History book to be published (1938) – this claims Stalin has only done what Lenin intended. Trotsky: Claiming that Stalin ruined the rev. allowing the bureaucracy to grow stronger and taking power from the workers & ideals of rev. During Khrushchev (53-64): Stalin was to blame. Stalin is scapegoat for everything that went wrong. Brezhnev-Gorbachev (64-85): Brezhnev erased Stalin. Gorbachev: ‘Back to Lenin’ – not just Stalin, whole period regarded as a mistake. Fall of Soviet Union: Historians criticise whole period.

3. Did Stalin start something new or carry on what was started by Lenin? Western Historiography: Reporters visited Stalin’s Russia; Seen as a great experiment. Many Western communists saw the USSR as the Saviour against Hitler’s Germany. COLD WAR LEADS TO NEW APPROACH Liberal School (post ‘45): Focussed on Stalin’s personal desire for totalitarian state. Determinist School: Criticises Liberal approach, arguing role of Stalin is less important. Revisionist School: Focussed on role played by the people of the Soviet Union. They show that many supported Collectivisation.

4. How popular was Stalin? Liberals: Focus on negative side of Stalinism. Argue that Stalin was v. unpopular. They focus on citizen’s lack of freedom. Revisionists: Stalin was popular among certain sectors of society. Hanna Arendt’s ‘Origins of Totalitarianism’ points out that cruel dictators usually get support from many groups of society.

5. Personal Dictatorship Control over the Communist Party Soviet Constitution of 1936 (known as the Stalin Constitution) - Redesigned the govt. of the Soviet Union. - Basically focused power in Stalin’s hands. Gave right to vote (but only for Communist Party  ) Use of Terror.

6. Control over Communist Party Power centralised in the hands of party leadership by Lenin Situation enhanced by Stalin in his role as General Secretary Seeds of Stalinism sown by Lenin…check out historiography for debate on this! Politburo witnessed removal of members and replaced by Stalin’s cronies. ALL PARTY AND STATE INSTITUTIONS REMAINED MECHANISMS FOR RUBBER-STAMPING DECISIONS MADE BY STALIN

7. 1936 CONSTITUTION Appeared highly democratic All citizens given the vote as classes no longer existed Civil Right provisions Guarantee of employment

8. 1936 CONSTITUTION  Restrictions on rights Only Communist Party members could stand for election Other political parties regarded as product of class conflict that no longer existed Constitution not taken seriously at home or abroad THE GREAT TERROR FOLLOWED IN 1937

9. Failure of Political Institutions Not caused by Stalin’s actions alone Weak political bodies inherited from Lenin Stalin simply continued to hold back decision-making outside the leadership By 1924 State organisations already subordinate to Party Election rigged by leadership Institutions such as Politburo met less frequently as Stalin increased his control – from once a week to 9 times a year by mid 1930s

10. USE OF TERROR Terror was used to keep control over the Party Opposition saw more than demotion Local Party officials purged as well as former leadership Terrorists themselves kept in line TERROR WAS AN INTEGRAL PART OF STALIN’S METHOD OF CONTROL but not knew to the communist Party (but wrong to see it as direct continuation Of Lenin who used it when faced with counter-revolutionary threat) Stalin justified it because of threat from ‘class enemies’

11. GREAT TERROR Launched when Party was secure indicating Stalin was securing his own position ( so differing from Lenin again but Lenin made use of terror an acceptable policy) STALIN’S PERSONAL DICTATORSHIP NOT AN INEVITABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM LENINISM but trends under Lenin helped it to develop – growth of bureaucracy, failure of political institutions to develop, use of terror…

12. LIMITS TO STALIN’S POWER Limited ability of any individual to control all activity (minor) Limitations from within leadership despite presence of ‘yes’ men- Ryutin Affair, Revising down of 2 nd 5 Year Plan targets, Kuibyshev and Ordzhonikidze opposition to brutality of regime In carrying out Stalin’s will, party leaders developed their own power base LIMITS FROM BELOW- demands for rapid industrialisation Debate over Terror illustrates degree of control Stalin had

13. DOMESTIC POLICIES EDUCATION Newspapers available at low prices Newspapers provided to factory workers Publishers printed the Russian classis and foreign literature at low prices thus making books accessible to most people Youth groups such as Young Pioneers and Komosomols compulsory for students and future members of the party were drawn from these groups. Creation of stereotypical role models

14. RESULTS… 96% literacy for males in USSR by 1939 82% literacy for females in 1939 Changes in the form and structure of schools Emphasis on narrow specialist courses Preferences to proletarian background was withdrawn

15. Control of the Arts and Culture Media – Broadcasts – Films – Publications

16. RADIO Set up in every village, every hamlet across the country to hear the voice of Stalin “The Soviet Radio carries to the masses the inspired words of Bolshevik truth, aids the people in tis struggle for the full victory of Communism in our country, summons them to heroic deeds in the name of the further strengthening of the power of the economic and cultural prosperity of the USSR”

17. Cinema

18. Patriotic themes End of experimentation that had been so much a part of the Proletkult References to historical past to create the myth of the Soviet state From 1930’s the tone was intensely patriotic

19. Socialist realism It was the new approved style for books,creative art and media. The aim was to glorify the worker, the Stakhanovite, the Kolhozes: in short to show what it should be rather what it really was

20. RAPP and Union of Russian Writers Membership to RAPP was compulsory for writers Censorship of works by RAPP Eventually RAPP disbanded because it was too avant garde Maxim Gorky came back to head RUW Writers, composers artists were supposed to toe the ideological line but what was it?

21. Face lift Projects Moscow given a face lift Tall gigantic buildings became the norm an expression of the gigantomania that was so characteristic of Stalin’s economic policies Buildings : tall and soaring Decorated with stained glass and huge gigantic murals and themes that reflected Soviet socialist realism Metro, the Hermitage, Sports stadia all a part of the grand scheme

22. Impact on families and family life? Under Stalin there was a reversal of many of the policies that had been formulated under Lenin Why? – Part of the change was necessary because of the huge disruptions caused by migration to cities or deportations of families to labour camps – In some cases families left in the care of relatives or brought up on Collective farms

23. Family life Life in the cities was harsh Livng conditions claustrophobic Housing shortage Sharing of facilities Enormous strain on family life Abandonment of families was common Rise of street gangs and juvenile crime a serious problem Hooliganism Falling birth rate

24. Solutions Death penalty for juvenile delinquents over the age of 12 Juvenile delinquents to be held under state custody and parents to pay for upkeep Abortion illegal and doctors punished Divorce very difficult Homosexuality banned Rewards to mothers for having numerous children Childcare in factories to allow women to work

25. Five Year Plans Private trades banned Coal, Oil gas, engineering GOSPLAN: State Planning Committee – Responsible for economic planning. Individual target setting for factories New cities – Magnitogorsk KOMSOMOL: Youth organisation – political organ for spreading Communist teachings. Gulag: Forced labour camps Stakhanovites: Reward individuals’ achievements in production.

26. Success? Huge public work schemes Education programme Industrial output expanded Russia survived WWII Failure? Human cost – 10 to 40 million deaths Overcrowding in cities Production focused on heavy industry and military Figures were unreliable Quantity not quality No criticism allowed

27. Collectivism Small farms were joined together (Sovkhozes and Kolkhozes) To improve efficiency Destroy Kulaks Increase Stalin’s control of countryside Increase grain productions to sell abroad for foreign currencies.

28. Success? By 1940, 99% of land collectivised Production did increase (Wheat up 33%) New modern equipment and chemicals Education programmes in collectives Red Army was fed up during WWI Kulaks were destroyed Failure? 1932-33 famine (5 million dead) Human cost – 10 million peasants deported Sovkhozes were a failure Unpopular

29. Types of Questions 2012: Purges promotes by social & economic factors? 2011: Stalin’s industrialisation policy 2010: Everyday life – source 2009: Collectivisation 2009: Purges – source 2008: Purges & terror 2008: Stalin’s industrialisation 2007: 5 Year Plans 2007: Stalin’s foreign policy post WWII 2007: Stalinist State – source

30. Were Stalin’s economic policies effective? Some argue that Stalin’s policies were a product of their time and its changing circumstance. War was on the way and Russia was depending on a backward agricultural system. This was a means of discarding NEP an it’s supporters (the right) and providing stable footing for the war. Soviet propaganda emphasised Russia’s need to industrialise and to use collectivisation as a means to create self-sufficiency.

31. Were Stalin’s economic policies effective? Philips: It is possible to see the policies as no different from the path either Trotsky or Lenin would have undertaken. Revisionists: Concentrate on the importance of rank and file’s push for industrialisation. This challenges Bukharin’s notion of the economic policies as an instrument for personal dictatorship. Lavar notes that the need for industrialisation was recognised by all levels of society but it was the sheer size of the task that would startle the majority. He argues that industrialisation would not occur without collectivisation and this enabled Stalin to perform the Great Turn where he defeated his rivals.

32. Collectivisation Would allow larger areas to be farmed. New technology meant fewer peasants were needed. Oxley: in theory the state would manage agriculture thereby guaranteeing a future food supply. Corin & Fiehn: Socialism in the countryside would be achieved and the peasantry would learn to work cooperatively and live communally. Phillips: Initially, the process of collectivisation was carried out on a voluntary basis but by 1929, with the right defeated, forced grain requisitions escalated into a full-blown attack on the peasantry which collectivisation constituted.

33. Collectivisation By the end of 1929, Stalin announced ‘liquidation of the Kulaks as a class’. Phillips highlights the 25000 urban party activists sent to the countryside in an attempt to root out Kulaks, seizing land and animals for the new collective farms. As the Kulaks were deported the ‘Twenty-five thousanders’ were left to run the farms with no real knowledge of organisation (C&F).

34. Collectivisation Lee highlights the speed with which collectivisation was implemented and the level of peasant resistance. Stalin then tried to say that the centre had lost the initiative to the localities, local officials becoming ‘dizzy with success’ however… Liberals argue against his excuse saying it was an explanation of the side- effects before launching into a repeat of the process. Most likely is the revisionist argument who refer to the idea that far from being part of a pre-meditated plan, Stalin was in fact struggling to retain control of a situation that was slipping beyond him. As Lee suggests, the localities enforced collectivisation with excessive zeal, but equally so did they halt collectivisation with as much pressure. The end result was for Stalin to react to the circumstance and start the process again from the centre (1931), this time with even more dramatic repercussions.

35. Famine, 1932-34 This was, a C&F argue, man made. It was a direct result of the upheavel and social change of collectivisation; the purging of the Kulaks, the poorly organised collectives, lack of machinery and fertilisers and the peasant resistance through slaughtering animals. Conquests comments that matters were worsened by the government’s insistence on continuing to export grain and bluntly ignoring the famine. Requisitioned grain was left rotting in railway sidings. Gill refers to the high number of deaths (unknown) due to the famine. Laver states that politically it had been a success as for the first time since the revolution the party had a hold over the countryside, with over a quarter of a million collective units replacing 25 million farms. Although grain harvests had dropped, grain procurement had not, meaning the workforce and exports were still being provided for.

36. Above or below? Lee writes that it is possible to see the process of industrialisation as a dictation from above or Stalin being influenced by below. C&F state that party members were inspired by the idea of socialism rivalling capitalism through rapid industrialisation. As Oxley writes, in theory industrialisation would be instigated through propaganda, forced labour, socialist competition, low wages, fear and education. According to C&F, each plan had a specific target and would be declared finished a year ahead of schedule. Spectacular projects would be conceived to demonstrate the ‘might of the soviet machine’ to the western world and huge industrial projects were constructed east of the Ural mountains leaving them less vulnerable to attack.

37. Reality In the first ‘five year plan’ many targets were not met. Fitzpatrick comments that the unrealistic planning acted as a propaganda device, spurring people towards greater achievements. Lack of materials prompted fierce rivalry amongst managers as bribery and corruption was rife. The fear of not meeting targets meant that (as C&F suggest) overproduction in areas was sub-standard whilst scarce materials contributed to underproduction in other areas. Stalin’s response was to identify a scapegoat as Oxley states, the main target being the bourgeois specialists. At the start of the 2 nd five year plan everything was on the verge of collapse as shortages, disruption and lack of skilled workers were all too prominent. Although the 2 nd Five year plan envisaged improvements in consumer commodities, C&F observe that resources were often diverted into other areas.

38. Summary Getty writes that Stalin, whilst being officially responsible for collectivisation, he was strongly influenced by the ‘social, economic and political environment that he did not create.’ With the failure of NEP, forced collectivisation was a means to defeat his rivals and maintain Russia’s path to socialism thus satisfying the workers. Despite the horrific manner with which collectivisation was inflicted, it did provide the means for Stalin’s visions of industrialisation. According to Laver, Stalin achieved on a massive scale what Peter the Great and Witte had begun – the difference being quantity and quality. There were massive mistakes and disasters but as Nove says, when set against the context of the time when capitalism was in crisis, Stalin’s efforts should not be underestimated. Certainly the human cost was appalling, however, ultimately without this crude leap forward, as Nove concludes, Russia would not have created the sort of industrial base that helped them win WWII.

39. For next week… Read and prepare for discussion on Stalin’s purges. 1 st place to look? Information in the Advanced Higher folder on pupil network. Very basic website (starter): http://www.johndclare.net/Russ12.htm http://www.johndclare.net/Russ12.htm Better website (Yale University Press): http://www.yale.edu/annals/siegelbaum/ http://www.yale.edu/annals/siegelbaum/ I expect detail, historiography and for you to demonstrate an understanding of how you would use both in an essay & source answer!