1. PP 03b-Gross anatomy, in more detail

2. Anatomy of the Brain Dorsolateral Surface
Central Sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
Separation of primary motor from sensory cortex
Lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure)
Separation of frontal from temporal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Separation of parietal from occipital lobe
Borders between lobes convenient approximations, and lobes are inter-connected

3. Frontal lobe Largest of the lobes Primary motor cortex (Area 4)
Contralateral sensorimotor organization
Topologic representation of motor homunculus here
Premotor cortex (Area 6)
Prefrontal cortex (Area 10-12)-cognitive brain
Personality, reasoning, thinking, executive decision
Anterior language cortex (Area 44/45) “Broca’s area”

4. Frontal lobe Clinical Information Prefrontal lobe damage
Difficulty with planning, problem solving, thinking, reasoning and performing executive functions
Orbital prefrontal damage
Personality disorders, emotional disintegration & impulsive social behaviors
Medial prefrontal damage
Problems with attention, motivation and responsiveness
Example of Phineas Gage

5. Parietal Lobe Primary somatosensory cortex (Area 3,1,2)
Topologic representation of sensory homunculus here
Superior parietal lobule (5/7)
Sensory integration, visual-spatial and construction tasks
Inferior parietal lobule (language [dominant], body schema, & spatial orientation [nondominant])

6. Parietal lobe Clinical Information Contralateral somato- sensory loss
Perceptual/conceptual disorders of tactile recognition
Impaired constructional (drawing/designing) skills
Impaired spatial orientation
Visual spatial memory loss
Tactile agnosia

7. Primary motor cortex (posterior frontal lobe)
Summary slide: Primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex
Primary somato-sensory cortex (anterior parietal lobe)
Primary motor cortex (posterior frontal lobe)
Larger size of structure represents greater cortical area dedicated to that structure

8. Occipital lobe
Primary Visual Cortex (Area 17, medial surface, on either side of calcarine sulcus)
Visual perception
Secondary Visual Cortex (Area 18)
visual recognition
Clinical: Damage here associated with problems with ______________

9. Temporal Lobe Superior, Middle, & Inferior Gyri
Primary auditory cortex
Heschl gyri (Area 41, 42)
Association language cortex (Area 22)
Comprehension of spoken language
Hippocampus- verbal/nonverbal memory on medial surface
Olfaction

10. Temporal lobe Clinical presentation if damaged
Deficit in auditory perceptual and discriminative skills
Wernicke’s Aphasia (dominant temporal lobe)
Disorders of nonverbal memory
Music (right temporal lobe)
Prone to seizures

11. Ventral Surface Frontal, temporal & occipital lobes Major structures
Orbital cortex
Olfactory bulb
Occipito-temporal gyrus (fusiform)
Lingual gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus

12. Clinical Information
Occipito-temporal region, when damaged, results in:
Impaired object recognition, visual hallucinations, and failure of facial recognition

13. CNS 3-D details (W pp. 9-10 & 97; W&A pp. 25-44 & 48-54)
Brain (encephalon)
Cerebrum (telencephalon)
2 hemispheres
4 lobes in each hemisphere
Deep in each hemisphere:
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Ventricles
Diencephalon (“between brain”)
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
(not shown)
CNS 3-D details (W pp & 97; W&A pp & 48-54)
Notice the shaded structures and structures drawn with dashed lines. Why are they drawn this way?
Of the structures in the list, which two are not depicted here?
Note: Gradual transitions b/w the parts

14. Here are 3-D views of the “dashed and shaded” structures in the previous slide’s illustration
3-D views of the rostral spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, and basal ganglia
Anterior view
Posterior view
Lateral view

15. Basal Ganglia
Anatomy
Structures: Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrum, & amygdaloid nucleus
Associated Structures: Substantia nigra and Subthalamic nucleus
Function
Regulation of motor cortical output & muscle tone
Cognitive functions with multiple projections to prefrontal lobe
Clinical Information
Structural damage or reduction/overabundance of specific neurotransmitters
Inappropriate movement patterns i.e. tremor, chorea, athetosis, and myoclonic jerks (hyperkinetic) or difficulty initiating movements (hypokinetic)

17. Diencephalon Central Core of the Brain Structures Thalamus
Hypothalamus

18. Anterior view Posterior view Lateral view
3-D views of the rostral spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, and basal ganglia
Anterior view
Posterior view
Lateral view

19. Thalamus Anatomy Functions:
Above the hypothalamus in the floor of lateral ventricle
Functions:
Transmission of sensorimotor information to cortex
Contribution to cortically mediated sensorimotor, speech & language functions (cortico-thalamo-cortical connections

20. White spaces containing choroid plexus are ventricles
Coronal section through deep brain structures, to show relative positions of thalamus, basal ganglia, and internal capsule
White spaces containing choroid plexus are ventricles

21. Hypothalamus
Connections to brain, brainstem, & spinal cord by neural & hormonal efferents, provides specialized circuitry for:
Autonomic nervous system
Body temperature, blood volume, food & water intake, body mass, reproduction, circadian rhythms, drives & emotions