1. Person, place, thing, or idea
Nouns
Person, place, thing, or idea
Common (n)
names a general noun; begins with lower case letter (city)
Proper (N)
names a specific noun; begins with capital letter (Atlanta)

2. Collective Possessive (pos n, pos N) shows ownership (girl’s, Roger’s)
Concrete
Names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses (child, drum, thunder)
Abstract
Names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic (excitement, bravery, happiness)
Collective
Names a group (army, team, committee, choir)

3. Verbs Shows action or helps to make a statement Action (av)
She wrote a note.
Linking (lv)
Links two words together
Can be linking: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, etc.
English is fun. (English=fun)
The flower smells pretty. (flower=pretty)

4. Helping (hv) “helps” an action verb or linking verb
If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If it has three verbs, the first two are helping.
Can be helping: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, will, would, can, could, shall, should may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did
We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is action)

5. Transitive Intransitive
an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? Or whom?
Transitive verbs have a direct object
Intransitive
An action verb that is not followed by a word or words that answer the question what? Or whom?

6. Verb Tenses Present (pres) Past (past) Future (f)
happening now (jump, talk, eat)
Past (past)
happened previously (jumped, talked, ate, fell)
Future (f)
will happen in the future (will jump, shall talk)

7. Pronouns (pro) Takes the place of a noun Personal SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person
I, me
We, us
2nd person
You
3rd person
He, him
She, her it
They, them

8. Possessive Take the place of the possessive forms of nouns SINGULAR
PLURAL
1st person
My, mine
Our, ours
2nd person
Your, yours
3rd person
His
Her, hers
its
Their, theirs

9. Himself, herself, itself
Reflexive
Reflects back to self
Always adds information
Intensive
Adds emphasis to another noun or pronoun
Does not add information to the sentence. If it is omitted, the meaning of the sentence will still be the same
Often placed directly after its antecedent
SINGULAR
PLURAL
1st person
Myself
Ourselves
2nd person
Yourself
Yourselves
3rd person
Himself, herself, itself
Themselves

10. Relative Interrogative Demonstrative
Used to begin a special subject-verb word group called a subordinate clause
Interrogative
Used to form a question
Demonstrative
Points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas
who
whose
whomever
that
what
whom
whoever
which
whichever
whatever
Who?
Whom?
Whose?
What?
Which?
This
That
These
Those

11. Indefinite does not refer to a definite person or thing all each many
nothing
somebody
another
either
most
one
Someone
any
enough
much
other
Something
anybody
everybody
neither
others
anyone
everyone
nobody
Plenty
anything
everything
none
Several
both
few
No one
some