1. The Second Industrial Revolution Bessemer Process - “new” process to make more steel for less cost by burning off impurities. Steel became the best material with which to manufacture and build. Oil- was a new substance with major industrial uses; could lubricate machinery; a cheaper alternative to whale oil used in lamps. Elijah McCoy- African American inventor who created a system to lubricate a machine while it was running.

2. The Second Industrial Revolution The Transcontinental Railroad was finished in 1869 when the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific RRs met at Promontory Point, Utah. Cornelius Vanderbilt created a RR empire by buying smaller RR lines and connecting major cities.(1870) Inventors like the Duryea brothers tinkered with machines to create horseless carriages.(1890s) The Wright Brothers created their “flyer” and first achieved powered flight on December 17, 1903.

3. The Second Industrial Revolution Morse invented the telegraph as a means of communicating over wires using electricity.(1837) Bell invented the telephone in 1876, AKA, the “talking telegraph.” Christopher Sholes developed the typewriter in 1867 to quickly reproduce legible documents. Edison invented the phonograph (1877) and the light bulb (1879) assisted by Lewis Latimer

4. The Second Industrial Revolution Communist Manifesto- utopian political/economic pamphlet that explained communism: Proletariat would rise up against the Bourgeoisie, a world economic revolution would occur, all private wealth would be re-distributed to the masses. (Karl Marx & Frederick Engels) Bourgeoisie- the middle/upper class. Proletariat- the working class. Communism- society shares all resources. Capitalism- private ownership of resources. Social Darwinism- Society of the fittest.