1. Bell Ringer
Some contemporary thinkers argue that the goal of controlling nature has done a lot of harm to the world? What might they have in mind?

2. 10-2 A: Path to the Enlightenment

3. What is the Enlightenment???
A movement of thinkers who believed that science could explain everything in nature.
They talked a lot about reason, natural law, hope and progress.

4. What did the Enlightenment do???
Encouraged people to use science to explore nature and to question what they had always accepted without questioning.
People began to participate in govt. and to rethink old ideas like feudalism, etc….

5. Negative Side of the Enlightenment
Many of the thinkers were atheists, who did not believe in god
They often attacked religion and the faithful
Many were also bloodthirsty in attempting to reach their goals
The French Revolution and the "Reign of Terror" were two episodes of history that ended the period known as the Enlightenment. 

6. Path to the Enlightenment
Enlightenment philosophers believed that society was governed by natural law…
MUCH LIKE WHO???
Enlightenment thinkers hoped to discover with the scientific method the laws that all institutions should follow to produce the ideal society.

7. Change was inevitable
Europeans were changing, but Europe's institutions were not keeping up.
The Church insisted that it was the only source of truth.
Writers and speakers were afraid to speak their beliefs because of their harsh penalties.

8. John Locke…A Review Two Treatises of Government
Locke believes a Monarch’s power comes from the people
The people obey the government’s laws and the government protects the people’s rights- Natural Rights as humans
Revolution is justified then, if …

9. John Locke His theory greatly influenced Enlightenment thinkers.
Argued the people were born with a mind that is tabula rasa:
Blank slate
This meant that the right influences could create a new kind of society by creating a new way of understanding.

10. Philosophes and Their Ideas
French name for Enlightenment thinkers.
Most were writers, professors, economists, journalists, and social reformers.
Their ideas influenced the entire Western World.

11. Assignment:
Write a Biopoem on one of the following individuals we have discussed thus far:
Nicholas Copernicus
Galileo
Isaac Newton
Francis Bacon
William Harvey
Rene Descartes
John Locke
Baron Montesquieu
Voltaire
Diderot
DUE AT THE END OF CLASS, YOU WILL POSSIBLY BE ASKED TO READ YOURS OUTLOUD
Worth 20 Points!!!

12. Bell Ringer What were some of John Locke’s theories?
Do you agree with him? Why or Why Not?
Give some examples of how his philosophies have shaped the United States.

13. The Enlightenment Philosophes
10-2B

14. The Three Greatest French Philosophes
Voltaire
Diderot
Montesquieu

15. Montesquieu A.K.A: Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu
Studied governments to find the natural laws governing social and political relationships.
Identified 3 types of government:
Republics
Despotism
Monarchies

16. Montesquieu’s Analysis
Believed that gov’t functioned better through a separation of power controlled by checks and balances.
This structure gives the greatest freedom and security to the state.
His idea’s influenced the American framers of the Constitution.

17. Voltaire
The greatest figure of the Enlightenment
Wrote plays, novels, histories, etc….
Best known for his criticism of the church and his belief in religious tolerance.

18. Deism Championed by Voltaire
Religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.
Belief that the world is like a clock that God created and set according to his natural laws, and will let run without intervention.

19. Diderot
Most important contribution was the Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trade.
Goal was to change the “general” way of thinking.
The encyclopedia spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

20. strong central authority is the necessary basis for government
Thomas Hobbes
Wrote Leviathan
Argues that people are anti-social, weak, selfish, and basically evil at birth
only by submitting to the protection of a sovereign power can individuals avoid constant anarchy and war
strong central authority is the necessary basis for government

21. Toward a New Social Science
Adam Smith
Founder of modern economics
Developed laissez-faire economics
Argued that the Gov’t should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations.

22. The Wealth of Nations Written by Adam Smith
Said the Gov’t had only three legitimate functions:
Protecting it’s citizens (Army)
Defending it’s citizens from harm (Police)
Maintaining Public Works
- ex: roads, canals, bridges, etc….

23. Cesare Beccaria
Argued that punishments should not be exercised in brutality.
Against capital punishment
Believed it to be absurd to punish a murderer by murdering
WHAT DO YOU BELIEVE?
-An Eye for an Eye???

24. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed that “man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”
Wrote Social Contract:
Gov’t is contract between people & rulers.
Gov’t must be what people want.

25. Rousseau’s Beliefs Argued that education should nurture, not restrict.
Believed emotions + reason = well balanced development
Despite what he preached:
His children were sent to orphanages.
He believed women were inferior to men.

26. Worth 25 Points!!!!! Political Cartoon
Create a Political Cartoon about any on of the Enlightenment thinkers discussed in class!!!
It must be persuasive!!!
Examples: Isaac Newton, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Diderot, etc……
Worth 25 Points!!!!!

27. Example of a Political Cartoon