1. Essential Questions:
What were the chief similarities and differences among the development of English, Spanish, Dutch, and French colonies in America?
How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the New England, & Middle colonies?
How did environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contribute to regional differences in what would become the British colonies?

2. The English Colonies in America

3. The English Colonies
In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America
English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World
Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

4. America in 1600 Spain—Sante Fe (1610) France—Quebec (1608)
England—Jamestown (1607)
They had failed to colonize in 1500s due to internal conflicts: Henry VIII & the English Protestant Reformation, Rivalry between Elizabeth I’s England and Catholic Spain, problems with Catholic Ireland

5. Elizabeth Energizes England
English “seadogs” had two major goals: Protestantism and Plunder
Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated globe and knighted
First attempt to colonize at Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh failed miserably (1585)
Known as “The Lost Colony”
Virginia names for “the Virgin Queen”
Seeking to get their revenge from the pirating (and acting as enemy of Protestant Reformation), Spain attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588.

6. Victory Led to colonization and power
Characteristics attributing to success:
Justification for liberating Indians from pope
Nationalism and national destiny
Strong unified national state under popular monarch
Religious unity
Golden age of literature
Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops them, around 1900)

7. On Eve of Empire 1500s—population boom. 1600s: High unemployment
New policy of enclosure (fencing in land) for farming. competition for land
Urbanization; Large mobile population
Low wages, increase in prices
The woolen districts fell upon hard times economically
Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land.

8. British Colonies in North America

9. British Colonies in North America
Motivations: Many different reasons
Economic: Escape poverty/unemployment or gain wealth from cash crop farming, new markets
Adventure
Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution
Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified
In 1623, a royal letter promised 200 acres to any emigrant.

10. A Discourse Concerning Western Planting by Richard Hakluyt
Damage Spanish empire
Help natives and rescue from tyranny
National power and glory to rival others’ wealth and standing

11. Migrating to the English Colonies
America (1600s) was dangerous and unstable
Settlers depended on mother country for protection and economic assistance
However, still a large number of people willing to brave New World.
120,000 in Chesapeake before 1660
21,000 in New England before 1640
23,000 to Middle Colonies in late 1600s
Most are young, poor, single men
Indentured servants

12. British Colonies in North America
Government:
The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America
Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists created local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies
Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

13. British Colonies in North America
Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert, marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts over land were common
New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely connected by religion & families & were mostly subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money
Economy & Society:
The societies & economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled
Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor farmers, & slave labor

14. By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)
The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British used Frontiers of Exclusion
These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there

15. Native Americans initially welcomed Europeans and their goods
Metal goods changed farming, hunting, & cooking practices.
Overhunting of beaver and deer forced groups to encroach on others’ territory.
War between tribes was stimulated.
Pigs and cattle roamed freely and damaged cornfields and gardens.
Depletion of forests

16. Four Colonial Subcultures
The different values of the migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies
New England
Middle Colonies
The Chesapeake
The Lower South

17. European Settlements in North America by 1660

18. Chesapeake Colonies: Virginia & Maryland

19. Chesapeake Colonies

20. Entrepreneurs in Virginia
The major obstacle to colonizing in America was funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue:
Joint-stock companies provided financing for colonies
The joint-stock company was perfected in the 1600s (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return).
In 1606, King James gave the London Company the 1st charter to establish colonies in America

21. The London Company, 1606
The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

22. The London Company, 1606 The charter of the Virginia Company
guaranteed settlers the same rights
as Englishmen in Britain.
Why would this cause a problem later?
Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. (i.e. No one desired long term colonization.)

23. Entrepreneurs in Virginia
Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death
Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the Chesapeake Bay:
the location was unhealthy but easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians)
Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement
Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy (To find gold, silver, copper or obtain wealth from tobacco, beaver & otter skins)
They failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America
Clash of cultures; settlers had no experience in founding a settlement-they simply did that they knew. This did not work

24. Jamestown Fort, 1609

25. Jamestown Colony

26. Spinning Out of Control
Captain John Smith
In 1608, John Smith imposed order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives
But, Jamestown faced difficulties:
Poor leadership & harsh winters led to starving time ( )
1610: English began destroying Indian crops
In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was attacked by Powhattan Indians
The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River
In 1609, London Co. reorganized the colonial gov’t; but the new governor would not arrive until 1610; meanwhile the colony lacked leadership; In 1616, the investors of the Virginia Co. had worthless stock; could claim un-surveyed land 3,000 miles from England

27. The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347
Powhatan Confederacy
The Second Anglo-Powhatan War ( ) effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands.
The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347
Including John Rolfe

28. Saved by a “Stinking Weed”
By 1612, John Rolfe introduced a tobacco hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy

29. Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco
1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack (First Anglo-Powahatan War), 60,000 pounds produced
1627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco
1629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

30. Saved by a “Stinking Weed”
In 1618, headrights were used to encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown:
A 50-acre lot was granted to each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony
Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes

31. Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights
English Migration,
Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights

32. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

33. Virginia House of Burgesses
In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances
The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America

34. How Many Slaves? In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in Jamestown
04/06/98
In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in Jamestown
In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the New World per year
Through the 18th century, million arrived in America
By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the New World
Before 1831, more African slaves came to America than Europeans 1 12 12 12

36. Population of the Chesapeake Colonies: 1607-1750

37. Time of Reckoning
Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was a deadly place to live. 80% of the 3,000 immigrants to travel to Jamestown died within their first few years in Virginia
Many died from disease
Numerous Powhatan attacks
Indentured servants were treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended
Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or reproduction difficult
Orphans were common

38. Corruption and Reform
In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony
But colonists continued to meet in the House of Burgesses
VA was divided into 8 counties each with a county court
Very little changed; Jamestown colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity

39. Jamestown Colonization Pattern, 1620-1660

40. The Maryland Colony

41. Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics
Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics
In 1632, Charles I granted a charter for Maryland
Lord Baltimore gave
huge estates to his
Catholic relatives, but
others came with the
opportunity to acquire
their own land.

42. Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics
Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & many indentured servants:
Maryland had few large tobacco plantations
Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements
Tension between Protestants and Catholics

43. Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649
Guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians
Decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.

44. New England Colonies

45. New England Colonies, 1650

46. Reforming England in America
Queen Elizabeth’s reconciliation of Anglican & Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2 factious groups of extremists:
Catholics (many settled in Maryland)
Puritans who wanted Anglican Church stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”)
Calvinist theology
Puritans: only “visible saints” in church
Group of extreme Puritans, called Separatists, wanted to break away entirely from Church of England

47. The Pilgrims in Plymouth
Pilgrims were Separatists who refused to worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland in 1608 to avoid compromising religious beliefs
1620: On Mayflower, migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England
Fewer than half were Separatists
Formed the Mayflower Compact to create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t)
Form government and submit to will of majority

48. The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion
What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact?
Is this a religious or a political document? Explain

50. Reforming England in America
The origins of Thanksgiving
Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit
1621 was first fall harvest
Fur, fish, and lumber
Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues
William Bradford, self made scholar
Governor 30 times
Worried about non Puritans
In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

51. “The Great Migration” elected governor for 19 years
Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England:
Believed in predestination, fought social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church
In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England when he dismissed Parliament and sanctioned anti-Puritan persecutions
From , John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony
elected governor for 19 years
Royal charter

52. The Great Puritan Migration
About 70,000 refugees left
England during this time.
Not all were Puritans. More
Puritans went to Barbados.

54. “A City on a Hill”
Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness
New England experienced unique demographic & social trends:
Settlers usually came as families
NE was a generally healthy place to live
Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of the community

55. “A City on a Hill”
As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities:
Each town was independently governed by local church members (Congregationalism)
Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote)
Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents
However, congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will

56. Massachusetts Bay Colony
Not a democracy
Governor Winthrop feared and distrusted the common people, calling democracy the “meanest and worst” of all forms of government.
Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership.
Worldly (ate, drank, loved) but still, there were laws to limit Earthly pleasures, such as a fine of twenty shillings for couples caught kissing in public  Blue Laws

57. “A City on a Hill”
NE town gov’ts were autonomous & most people participated due to common religious values
Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies:
Passed a legal code called the Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order
Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

58. Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams
Puritans never supported religious toleration, esp Roger Williams:
Williams was a separatist who questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the land was not bought from natives
Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas
Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

59. Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson believed she was directly inspired by God:
Believed that “converted” people are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism)
Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders
She was banished to Rhode Island

60. Mobility and Division
After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies:
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Haven

61. Mobility and Division
New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay
Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay
Reverend Thomas Hooker initially founded Hartford in 1635
1639: Fundamental Orders was model of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history)

62. Mobility and Division
New Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state
Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams)
People were not similar, just unwanted

63. New England Colonies, 1650

64. New England Confederation.
1643: four colonies banded together in defense against foes
Each member had 2 votes
Mostly Puritans
2 Massachusetts colonies: Bay Colony and Plymouth
2 Connecticut colonies: New Haven and scattered valley settlements
Weak but first step towards colonial unity
Charles II took throne after serious neglect due to Civil War

65. New England Confederation.
1660: Charles II took throne after serious neglect due to Civil War
Wanted active role in colony management
Contrary to colonial ideas of independence
Punished Mass. By giving Connecticut its charter, which legalized squatter territory and a charter to Rhode Island
In 1684: revoked Bay Colony charter

66. Chesapeake New England
Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences between the Chesapeake & New England colonies
Chesapeake
New England
Political
Economic
Social

67. Essential Question:
How did differences in values affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, Southern, & Middle colonies?
Lesson for August 15th, 2008: RQ3B, Middle & Southern Colonies ppt, Lesson #1 from

68. The Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

69. The Middle Colonies, 1685

70. New York
NY was established as “New Netherlands” by the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain)
Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch
In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance
Charles II gave territory to brother, Duke of York
New Amsterdam renamed New York
With support of Iroquois who hated the French. Focused on fur trade, shipping for English & French colonies, & picking off Spanish conquistador ships

72. New York
After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York
Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level
James gained little profit from the colony

73. New York
Very autocratic: Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level
Aristocratic—English governors gave land to favorites
Land owning families had political power
Discouraged Europeans from coming
Dutch architecture & city names: Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate.
Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf.

74. Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania founded by a radical religious sect called Quakers
Quakers believed in “Inner Light”:
Rejected idea of original sin & predestination
Believed that each person could communicate directly with God
All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith)
(derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”)

75. Penn's "Holy Experiment"
Quakers were persecuted in New England for their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment”
As a society run on Quaker principles that promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less
Disliked slavery
Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German immigrants
Penn’s treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt.

76. William Penn & Native Americans
Quick Discussion Question:
In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”
William Penn & Native Americans

77. Settling Pennsylvania
Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population
Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered
In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties

78. Urban Population Growth: 1650-1775

79. Middle Colonies All had fertile soil and broad expanse of land.
All except for Delaware exported lots of grain.
The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls.
Landholdings were generally intermediate in size
More ethnically mixed than other colonies
A considerable amount of economic and social democracy prevailed.

80. The Lower South

81. Settling the Lower South

82. Carolina
Although Carolina relied on slave labor & agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to:
Diversity of settlers
Populated by English landed families deprived of inheritance
Religious toleration  diversity of French Protestant refugees, Jews, and others
Environment very different from the Chesapeake

83. Proprietors of the Carolinas
Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy
Carolina was granted a charter in 1663, formally established in 1670, to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty:
Proprietors were inspired by John Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens
But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers in its first years

84. The Barbadian Connection
English planters from the Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charles Town:
Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave code with them
Demanded greater self-gov’t within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas

85. Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port

86. Indigo & Rice: crops of the Carolinas

87. Africans worked on rice plantations due to
Indians as slaves in Carolina was protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the West Indies to work, as well as New England.
Africans worked on rice plantations due to
resistance to malaria
familiarity with rice

88. North Carolina
Most are from Virginia –poverty stricken or religious dissenters
Called “squatters,” and had no legal right to soil
Reputation for being irreligious and hospitable to pirates
Resistant to authority
Officially separated from South Carolina in 1712
Similar to Rhode Island – democratic, independently minded, and least aristocratic

89. The Carolinas and Georgia

90. Founding of Georgia
Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of the lowest English citizens
Georgia was founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida
Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England
Defended it from Spanish attacks
All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians.
John Wesley was one of them
Georgia grew slowly
By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a slave-owning plantation society

91. Plantation Colonies Slavery was found in all the plantation colonies.
The growth of cities was often stunted by forests.
The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out.
In the South, the crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC.
All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration.
Confrontations with Native Americans were often.

92. The Proprietary Colonies
A secretary of one of the proprietors was John Locke
By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics
8 proprietors hoped to create a politically democratic colony
Most English colonies were created by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals:
Maryland (1634)
Carolina (1663)
New York (1664)
New Jersey (1665)
New Hampshire (1680)
Pennsylvania (1681)
Delaware (1704)
Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a land of religious freedom
Given as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of King Charles II)

95. Conclusions All the colonies faced early an struggle to survive
Distinct regional differences intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period
It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people