2. New v. Old Immigrant Old Northern Europe, Scandanavia New Southern Europe

4. AFL officials drew large salaries, hobnobbed with employers, even moved in high society. A press dispatch from Atlantic City, New Jersey, the fashionable seaside resort, in the summer of 1910: Engaged in a game of bathing suit baseball with President Sam Gompers, Secretary Frank Morrison and other leaders of the A.F. of T,. on the beach this morning, John Mitchell, former head of the mine workers' union, lost a $ 1000 diamond ring presented to him by his admirers after the settlement of the big Pennsylvania coal strike. Capt. George Berke, a veteran life guard, found the ring, whereupon Mitchell peeled a hundred dollar hill from a roll he carried in his pocket and handed it to the captain as a reward for his find. The well-paid leaders of the AFL were protected from criticism by tightly controlled meetings and by "goon" squads-hired toughs originally used against strikebreakers but after a while used to intimidate and beat up opponents inside the union. Evolution of Unions because of Industrialization

5. According to a report of the Commission on Industrial Relations, in 1914, 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 injured. That year the income of forty- four families making $1 million or more equaled the total income of 100,000 families earning $500 a year. The record shows an exchange between Commissioner Harris Weinstock of the Commission on Industrial Relations and President John Osgood, head of a Colorado coal company controlled by the Rockefellers: WEINSTOCK: If a worker loses his life, are his dependents compensated in any way? OSGOOD: Not necessarily. In some cases they are and in some cases not. WEINSTOCK: If he is crippled for life is there any compensation? OSGOOD: No sir, there is none.... WEINSTOCK: Then the whole burden is thrown directly upon their shoulders. OSGOOD: Yes, sir. WEINSTOCK: The industry hears none of it? OSCOOD: No, the industry bears none of it.

6. 1912 Lawrence, Massachusetts: Bread and Roses As we go marching, marching, in the beauty of the day, A million darkened kitchens, a thousand mill lofts gray Are touched with all the radiance that a sudden sun discloses, For the people hear us singing: Bread and Roses! Bread and Roses! As we go marching, marching, we battle too for men, For they are women's children and we mother them again. Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes. Hearts starve as well as bodies; Give us bread but give us roses. As we go marching, marching, unnumbered woman dead Go crying through our singing their ancient call for bread. Small art and love and beauty their drudging spirits knew. Yes, it is bread we fight for, but we fight for roses too! As we go marching, marching, we bring the greater days. The rising of the women means the rising of the race, No more the drudge and idler, ten that toil where one reposes But a sharing of life's glories: Bread and roses! Bread and roses! Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes. Hearts starve as well as bodies. Bread and roses! Bread and roses!

7. Knights of Labor AFL IWW