1. GEOG3025 Administrative and statistical geographies

2. GEOG3025 Administrative and statistical geographies Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions Introduction to principal geographical systems: Census Postcodes Lecture summary

3. GEOG3025 Objectives To understand the variety of different geographies in use in the UK To identify those for which most useful information about neighbourhoods might be obtained To learn how to find out about the boundaries, names and codes of these geographies

4. GEOG3025 Introductory questions… What do we mean by a ‘geography’? So what are examples of different ‘geographies’?

5. GEOG3025 Principal NS geographies Local government Mail delivery Health care delivery Census collection and output Electoral representation Statistical and functional…

6. GEOG3025 United Kingdom? Important to recognise that there are many differences in geography systems between the countries of the UK Our focus is primarily on England and Wales EU NUTS! England GO R UA Count y Distric t ST Ward CAS Ward OA Wales UA ST EDiv CAS EDiv OA Scotland CA ST PCS CAS PCS OA NI LGD War d OA Source: Justin Hayes

7. Incompatible hierarchies! (England) HealthAdministrativeElectoralPostal Strategic health authorities Government office regions European electoral regions Counties, Met. Counties, Gtr. London Postal regions Primary care organizations Boroughs, districts, unitary authorities Westminster constituencies Postal districts WardsElectoral wardsPostal sectors ParishesPostcodes

8. GEOG3025 Does geography matter? Source: news.bbc.co.uk Source: guardian.co.uk

9. GEOG3025 Relationships between geographies No functional linkage ‘Snapshot’ linkages Various…

10. GEOG3025 Census geography Enumeration districts (EDs) Output areas (OAs) Statistical wards, Census Area Statistics (CAS) wards and Standard Tables (ST) wards Districts, unitary authorities etc.

11. GEOG3025 Enumeration district Source: ONS

12. GEOG3025 New for 2001 Census geography… Separation between collection and output geographies Creation of OA boundaries by application of automated zone design to postcode boundaries Creation of synthetic postcode boundaries as first step

13. GEOG3025 Automated output area design Initial Random Aggregation of Building Blocks Initial Random Aggregation of Building Blocks Iterative Recombination Design Constraints (Contiguity, Thresholds, Shape, Size, Homogeneity) Design Constraints (Contiguity, Thresholds, Shape, Size, Homogeneity) 2001 Output Areas 2001 Output Areas

14. 2001 Output Areas (n=175,434) [England and Wales]

15. GEOG3025 OA sizes summarized England and Wales No. Zones Min Count (rest ’ d) Max count Mean count St Dev 01 OAs Pers 1754341004156296.6571.65 01 OAs Hhds 17543437616123.4716.86 01 Wards Pers 8850106351025880.444077.00 01 Wards Hhds 885042143972447.501700.81 91 EDs Pers 1134650 (3890)1803419.17159.89 91 EDs Hhds 1134650 (4990)664174.3762.34

16. 2001 OA 1991 Ward 1991 ED Code-Point 1991 ‘sea’ [Portswood, Southampton]

17. GEOG3025 Super Output Areas New geography for reporting of small area statistics. Initially for use on the NeSS website Eventually standard across National Statistics

18. GEOG3025 UK postcodes Devised to aid automated sorting and delivery of mail Controlled by Royal Mail No formal geographical boundaries at the smallest scale: just lists of addresses

19. GEOG3025 UK postcodes ExampleGeographical unit Number in UK (Aug 2003) SOArea124 SO17District2932 SO17 1Sector9750 SO17 1BJPostcode1.75m (approx)

20. GEOG3025 Change over time Census – Once every 10 years Administrative –Periodical Electoral –Continual, by review areas Postal –Continual

21. GEOG3025 ONS Beginners guide to UK Geog

22. GEOG3025 To be continued… We have identified the principal geography systems, but not the method by which social data comes to be associated with them This is called geographical referencing (georeferencing) and comes later in the course…

23. GEOG3025 Assignment 3 Work through the ONS Beginners’ guide to UK geography Identify where your chosen neighbourhood falls within each of the principal geography systems Identify the appropriate geographical area names and codes, using the smallest geographical units for which you can obtain information

24. GEOG3025 Lecture summary Multiple geographies covering the UK and its constituent countries Each designed for different purposes, by different bodies, at different times Particular interest in census and postal geographies, but in any geography that may help describe neighbourhoods