1. Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer 1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women There are over 100 different forms of cancer There are over 100 different forms of cancer

2. Cancer The division of normal cells is precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones. The division of normal cells is precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones. Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed, they crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organs. Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed, they crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organs.

3. What causes cancer? Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. It is thought that several mutations need to occur to give rise to cancer It is thought that several mutations need to occur to give rise to cancer Cells that are old or not functioning properly normally self destruct (apoptosis) and are replaced by new cells. Cells that are old or not functioning properly normally self destruct (apoptosis) and are replaced by new cells. However, cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new cancerous cells. However, cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new cancerous cells.

4. A factor which brings about a mutation is called a mutagen. A factor which brings about a mutation is called a mutagen. A mutagen is mutagenic. A mutagen is mutagenic. Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as carcinogenic. Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as carcinogenic. So some mutagens are carcinogenic. So some mutagens are carcinogenic.

5. Carcinogens Ionizing radiation – X Rays, UV light Ionizing radiation – X Rays, UV light Chemicals – tar from cigarettes, some pollutants Chemicals – tar from cigarettes, some pollutants Virus infection – papilloma virus (HPV) can be responsible for cervical cancer. Virus infection – papilloma virus (HPV) can be responsible for cervical cancer. Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe more susceptible to getting it. Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe more susceptible to getting it.

6. Benign or malignant? Benign tumours do not spread from their site of origin, but can crowd out (squash) surrounding cells, Benign tumours do not spread from their site of origin, but can crowd out (squash) surrounding cells, eg. brain tumour, warts. eg. brain tumour, warts. Malignant tumours can spread from the original site, travelling through the blood stream or lymphatic system and cause secondary tumours. This is called metastasis. They interfere with neighbouring cells and can block blood vessels, the gut, glands, lungs, etc. Malignant tumours can spread from the original site, travelling through the blood stream or lymphatic system and cause secondary tumours. This is called metastasis. They interfere with neighbouring cells and can block blood vessels, the gut, glands, lungs, etc. Both types of tumour can tire the body out as they both need a huge amount of nutrients to sustain the rapid growth and division of the cells. Both types of tumour can tire the body out as they both need a huge amount of nutrients to sustain the rapid growth and division of the cells.

7. Abnormal Cell Growth

9. A Large Abdominal Tumour

10. Surgical Removal of Tumour

11. Body without Tumour

12. Cancer (CARCINOMA) of the Tongue

13. Advanced Tumour Formation

14. Basal Cell Carcinoma = Skin cancer

15. More Skin Cancer

16. Lip Cancer

17. Cancer Treatment Two basic treatments: surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation or chemicals to kill actively dividing cells. Two basic treatments: surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation or chemicals to kill actively dividing cells. It is hard to remove all the tumor cells. Tumors often lack sharp boundaries for easy removal, and metastatic tumors can be very small and anywhere in the body. It is hard to remove all the tumor cells. Tumors often lack sharp boundaries for easy removal, and metastatic tumors can be very small and anywhere in the body. Radiation and chemotherapy are aimed at killing actively dividing cells, but killing all dividing cells is lethal: you must make new blood cells, skin cells, etc. So treatment must be carefully balanced to avoid killing the patient. Radiation and chemotherapy are aimed at killing actively dividing cells, but killing all dividing cells is lethal: you must make new blood cells, skin cells, etc. So treatment must be carefully balanced to avoid killing the patient. Chemotherapy also has the problem of natural selection within the tumor. If any of the tumor cells are resistant to the chemical, they will survive and multiply. The cancer seems to have disappeared, but it comes back a few years later in a form that is resistant to chemotherapy. Using multiple drugs can decrease the risk of relapse: it’s hard for a cell to develop resistance to several drugs at the same time. Chemotherapy also has the problem of natural selection within the tumor. If any of the tumor cells are resistant to the chemical, they will survive and multiply. The cancer seems to have disappeared, but it comes back a few years later in a form that is resistant to chemotherapy. Using multiple drugs can decrease the risk of relapse: it’s hard for a cell to develop resistance to several drugs at the same time.

18. Cancer prevention Healthy Lifestyle Healthy Lifestyle Low fat, high fiber diet Low fat, high fiber diet Exercise Exercise Not smoking Not smoking Taking daily vitamins and minerals Taking daily vitamins and minerals Vitamins A, C, E, and calcium Vitamins A, C, E, and calcium