2. Low Scoring, in the ‘Teaching Quality’ and ‘ Research’ in the recent Ranking of Universities by HEC

3. SCHEME OF PRESENTATION About HEC Ranking Criteria Ranking Status of BU among 17 Large General Universities. Comparative Study Area of Concern i. Teaching Quality ii. Research

4. About HEC Ranking Criteria First time, in 2006 HEC announced ranking of only Public Sector Universities. Bahria as a new University (it was five years old at that time) Placed at 19 th Out of 24 General Universities in Public Sector. The recent ranking by HEC was announced on 23 Feb 2012. HEC Ranking – 2010 was based on information data (provide to HEC by Universities. The data includes Strength of students, academic programs, faculty teaching facilities & research of last one year i.e; from June 2009-June 2010. Requisite information & data from heads of Constituent Units & HODs of BU were collected. Consolidated data after necessary confirmation / Scrutiny, was forwarded to HEC.

5. Teaching Quality 42 Points Student Teacher Ratio 12 Ratio of PhD faculty to total faculty 9 Full Time PhD faculty 3 Total PhD output for 2010 5 Selectivity 5 Computers 4 Library Books 4 HEC CRITERIA AND WEIGHTAGES

6. Implementation of QA Criteria 18 Points Plagiarism policy implementation6 Eligibility Criteria for appointments of faculty 4 members Criteria for MPhil / MS & PhD Programmes4 Quality Enhancement Cell Categorization4

7. Research 40 Points HEC approved supervisors 5 Indigenous Scholars studying in the university 4 HEC research grants approved 2 HEC travel grant approved 5 Publication in impact factor journal (2010) 5 Number of papers published by the Universities (2010) 3 Citations (2010) 4 University H Index 4 Number of W,X,Y,Z journals published by the university 5 Internet bandwidth (PERN) utilization 4 Number of conferences organized 2

8. Relative Grading Method Relative Grading Method was used for award of points. On parameters & subparameters of Criteria by comparison of Universities with in respective categories. General Large < 7000 Medium > 7000 Small between 3000 & 7000

9. Categories of Universities on their Specialization Agriculture Engineering IT Medical General  Large < 7000  Medium > 7000  Small between 3000 & 7000

10. General Universities (Large) No. Institute Teaching Quality QA CriteriaResearchTotal Score 421840100 1University of the Punjab, Lahore15.891712.1845 2University of Karachi, Karachi15.111010.6736 3Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan12.08129.7634 4University of Peshawar, Peshawar12.061010.4332 5 International Islamic University, Islamabad 9.12156.8331 6 Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Islamabad 8.84172.8429 6Govt. College University, Faisalabad8.06182.9529 7University of Sargodha, Sargodha8.35134.6126 8Hazara University Mansehra8.63133.1625 8The Islamia University of Bahawalpur9.33105.6925 8University of Sindh, Jamshoro8.30115.7425 9Bahria University, Islamabad6.35152.1824 10University of Education, Lahore4.94152.7023 11 National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 5.69142.5422 11University of Gujrat, Gujrat5.97141.5822 12Preston University, Kohat7.0570.3714 13University of Lahore, Lahore6.3150.7212

11. Teaching Quality42 Points S.NoInstitute NameTeaching Quality 1University of Punjab, Lahore 15.89 2University of Karachi 15.11 3Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 12.08 4University of Peshawar 12.06 5Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 9.12 6Govt College University, Faisalabad 8.06 7Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 8.84 8University of Sargodha 8.35 9University of Sindh, Jamshoro 8.30 10The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 9.33 11Hazara University, Mansehra 8.63 12Bahria University 6.35 13University of Education, Lahore 4.94 14National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 5.69 15University of Gujrat 5.97 16Preston University, Kohat 7.05 17University of Lahore 6.31

12. TEACHING QUALITY - 42 Number of Computers for Students04 Number of Applicants for Admission05 Number of Library Books04 Numbers of PhD Output05 Student – Teacher Ratio12 Number of Graduate / Postgraduate Students 03 Number of Undergraduate Students 03 Number of Full Time Equivalent Faculty 06 Ratio of PhD faculty – Total Faculty 09 Number of Full Time Equivalent Faculty 06 Number of Full Time PhD Faculty 03 Number of Full Time Faculty 02 Number of Part Time Faculty 01

13. 1- Computers 04 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Computers 1University of Punjab, Lahore 6,500 2University of Karachi 5,500 3Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 3,500 4Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 3,478 5Preston University, Kohat 2,630 6The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 2,100 7University of Lahore 1,680 8University of Sargodha 1,500 9University of Sindh, Jamshoro 1,458 10University of Peshawar 1,350 11Hazara University, Mansehra950 12University of Education, Lahore 893 13Govt College University, Faisalabad 800 14University of Gujrat 800 15Bahria University, Islamabad 642 16National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad 600 17Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 474

14. 2- Applicants - 05 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Applicants 1University of Punjab, Lahore 140,054 2Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 35,000 3University of Karachi 30,000 4University of Education, Lahore 5The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 22,602 6University of Peshawar 20,000 7University of Sargodha 18,263 8Govt College University, Faisalabad 16,942 9Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 16,642 10University of Gujrat 15,942 11University of Sindh, Jamshoro 15,372 12University of Lahore 11,693 13Hazara University, Mansehra 11,000 14Bahria University 8,476 15National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Islamabad 6,156 16Preston University, Kohat 4,693 17Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 2,418

15. 3- Library Books - 04 Points 1University of Punjab, Lahore 1,223,600 2University of Sindh 382,201 3University of Karachi 366,441 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 304,573 5The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 225,000 6University of Peshawar 191,197 7University of Education, Lahore 169,964 8Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 127,973 9Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 119,560 10National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 115,000 11Hazara University, Mansehra 107,000 12University of Sargodha 78,721 13Preston University, Kohat 51,472 14Bahria University, Islamabad 50,000 15University of Lahore 25,409 16University of Gujrat 25,141 17Govt College University, Faisalabad 19,500

16. 4- PhD Output - 05 Point S.NoInstitute Name Number of PhD Output 1University of Karachi 125 2University of Punjab, Lahore 108 3The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 35 4National University of Modern Languages 24 5Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 16 6Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 15 7University of Sindh, Jamshoro 8University of Peshawar 7 9University of Education, Lahore 5 10University of Sargodha 3 11Govt College University Faisalabad 1 12Bahria University, Islamabad0 13Preston University, Kohat0 14Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy0 15University of Lahore0 16University of Gujrat0 17Hazara University, Mansehra0

17. 5- Graduate/Postgraduate05 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Graduate/Postgraduate students 1University of Punjab, Lahore 13,715 2University of Karachi 12,042 3National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 9,741 4Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 8,333 5University of Education, Lahore 8,213 6The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 7,974 7Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 7,256 8University of Sargodha 6,521 9University of Peshawar 5,938 10Preston University, Kohat 4,689 11Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 4,509 12University of Sindh, Jamshoro 3,628 13Govt College University, Faisalabad 3,530 14University of Lahore 2,679 15University of Gujrat 2,668 16Bahria University, Islamabaad 2,054 17Hazara University, Mansehra 1,175

18. 6- Undergraduate Students - 04 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Undergraduate students 1University of Punjab, Lahore 16,893 2University of Sindh, Jamshoro 16,039 3University of Karachi 15,162 4Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 11,323 5University of Lahore 11,290 6Govt College University, Faisalabad 8,603 7University of Sargodha 8,244 8Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 7,594 9Preston University, Kohat 7,434 10Hazara University, Mansehra 7,090 11University of Gujrat 7,001 12The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 6,654 13Bahria University 6,254 14University of Peshawar 5,706 15Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 5,163 16University of Education, Lahore 5,051 17National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 4,146

19. 7- Full Time PhD Faculty - 03 Points S.N o Institute Name Number of FT PhD Faculty 1University of Punjab, Lahore 367 2University of Karachi 342 3University of Peshawar 179 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 175 5Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 156 6University of Sindh, Jamshoro 133 7University of Sargodha 132 8Govt College University, Faisalabad 117 9The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 115 10Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 114 11Hazara University, Mansehra 79 12Preston University, Kohat 65 13National University of Modern Languages 49 14University of Lahore 44 15Bahria University, Islamabad 41 16University of Gujrat 38 17University of Education, Lahore 29

20. 8- Full Time Faculty - 02 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of FT Faculty 1University of Punjab, Lahore 1,006 2University of Lahore 770 3University of Karachi 739 4Govt College University, Faisalabad 592 5Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 585 6University of Sindh, Jamshoro 570 7University of Sargodha 559 8The Islamia University,Bahawalpur 533 9Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 523 10National University of Modern Languages 513 11University of Gujrat 458 12Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 432 13University of Peshawar 419 14Bahria University, Islamabad 406 15Hazara University, Mansehra 405 16Preston University, Kohat 363 17University of Education, Lahore 247

21. 9- Part Time Faculty - 01 Point S.NoInstitute Name Number of PT Faculty 1University of Karachi 1,276 2Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 960 3Intemational Islamic University, Islamabad 777 4Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 655 5University of Punjab, Lahore 614 6Bahria University, Islamabad 560 7The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 487 8Govt College University, Faisalabad 426 9University of Peshawar 267 10Preston University, Kohat 246 11University of Lahore 163 12University of Education, Lahore 104 13Hazara University, Mansehra 81 14University of Sindh, Jamshoro 67 15University of Sargodha 55 16National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 29 17University of Gujrat 18

22. 10- FTE Faculty - 06 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of FTE Faculty 1University of Punjab 1,211 2University of Karachi 1,164 3Intemational islamic University 844 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 843 5University of Lahore 824 6Govt College University Faisalabad 734 7The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 695 8Federal Urdu University,Arts, Science & Technolgy 650 9Bahria University 593 10University of Sindh 592 11University of Sargodha 577 12National University of Modern Languages 523 13University of Peshawar 508 14University of Gujrat 464 15Preston University, Kohat 445 16Hazara University, Mansehra 432 17University of Education, Lahore 282

23. QA CRITERIA (18 Points) Appointment Criteria for Faculty04 Appointment Criteria for MS/MPhil & PhD04 QEC Categorization04 Plagiarism Standing Committee (PSC)06

24. QA CRITERIA (18 Points) S.NoInstitute Name Appointment Criteria (4) Criteria for MS/Mphil & Phd (4) QEC Categorization (4) Plagiarism Standing Committee (6) Total Marks Position 1 Govt. College University, Faisalabad. 4446181 2 Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology. 443617 2 3 University of The Punjab, Lahore 443617 4 Bahria University, Islamabad 444315 3 5 International Islamic University. 444315 6 University of Education, Lahore. 441615 7 National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. 443314 4 8University of Gujrat.443314 9 Hazara University Mansehra, KPK. 442313 5 10University of Sargodha.442313 11 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. 0426126 University of Sindh.4430117 13 The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. 442010 8 14University of Karachi.403310 15University of Peshawar.043310 16Preston University, Kohat400379 17University of Lahore, Lahore0023510

25. Research (40 Points) Number of Conferences02 Number of PERN Utilizations04 Numbers of H-Index04 Number of Citations04 Number of Research Papers03 Number of HEC Approved Supervisors05 Number of HEC Travel Grants02 Number of Indigenous Scholars04 Number of HEC Research Grant02 Number of W,X,Y,Z Journals05 Publication in impact factor Journal05

26. 1- Number of Conferences - 02 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Conferences 1University of Peshawar8 2Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. 3 3International Islamic University, Islamabad 4University of Sindh, Jamshoro 5University of The Punjab, Lahore 6Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology. 2 7The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, 8University of Karachi 9Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP 10University of Education, Lahore.1 12Bahria University, Islamabad0 13Govt. College University, Faisalabad.0 14National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad0 15Preston University, Kohat0 16University of Gujrat.0 17University of Lahore, Lahore0 18University of Sargodha.0

27. 2- Number of PERN Utilizations - 04 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of PERN Utilizations 1University of The Punjab, Lahore40 2International Islamic University, Islamabad33 3University of Peshawar.27 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.25 5University of Sindh, Jamshoro20 6Bahria University, Islamabad 18 7University of Gujrat. 8The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.14 9 Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology. 9 10University of Sargodha.9 11 National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. 7 12Govt. College University, Faisalabad.6 13University of Lahore, Lahore5 14Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.4 15University of Education, Lahore.3 16Preston University, Kohat0 17University of Karachi.0

28. 3- Number of H-Index - 04 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of H-INDEX 1University of Karachi.25 2University of Sindh, Jamshoro21 3University of The Punjab, Lahore20 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan16 5University of Peshawar.14 6University of Sargodha.13 7Govt. College University, Faisalabad. 9 8The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. 9International Islamic University, Islamabad7 10Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.6 11Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.5 12University of Education, Lahore.4 13University of Lahore, Lahore3 14Bahria University, Islamabad2 15National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. 1 16Preston University, Kohat 17University of Gujrat.

29. 4- Number of Citations - 04 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Citations 1University of The Punjab, Lahore487 2University of Karachi.305 3University of Peshawar.247 4University of Sargodha.228 5University of Sindh, Jamshoro179 6Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.141 7The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.99 8Govt. College University, Faisalabad.88 9Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.63 10International Islamic University, Islamabad61 11Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.35 12University of Education, Lahore.11 13University of Gujrat.6 14Bahria University.3 15National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.3 16Preston University, Kohat3 17University of Lahore, Lahore0

30. 5- Number of Research Papers - 03 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Research Papers 1University of Karachi.392 2University of The Punjab, Lahore356 3University of Sargodha.193 4University of Peshawar.153 5Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.143 6University of Sindh, Jamshoro95 7The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.88 8Govt. College University, Faisalabad.73 9Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.61 10Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.58 11International Islamic University, islamabad57 12University of Gujrat.20 13Bahria University, Islamabad10 14Preston University, Kohat 9 15University of Education, Lahore. 16University of Lahore, Lahore6 17National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.4

31. 6- Number of HEC Approved Supervisors - 05 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Approved Supervisers 1University of The Punjab, Lahore182 2Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.96 3University of Karachi.80 4University of Peshawar.73 5International Islamic University, islamabad55 6University of Sargodha.48 7Govt. College University, Faisalabad.46 8The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.36 9Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.33 10University of Gujrat.20 11National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.18 12University of Sindh, Jamshoro15 13University of Lahore, Lahore13 14Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.11 15Bahria University, Islamabad 7 16Preston University, Kohat 17University of Education, Lahore.

32. 7- Number of HEC Travel Grants - 02 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of HEC Travel Grants 1International Islamic University, Islamabad69 2University of Karachi.53 3University of The Punjab, Lahore48 4The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.41 5University of Sindh, Jamshoro36 6University of Peshawar.32 7Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.19 8University of Sargodha.17 9Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.12 10Bahria University, Islamabad10 11University of Gujrat.8 12Govt. College University, Faisalabad.7 13Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP. 6 14National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. 15University of Education, Lahore.4 16University of Lahore, Lahore2 17Preston University, Kohat0

33. 8- Number of Indigenous Scholars - 04 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Indigenous Scholars 1University of The Punjab, Lahore441 2Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.280 3International Islamic University, Islamabad172 4University of Peshawar.171 5The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.155 6University of Karachi.122 7National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.62 8University of Sargodha.35 9Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.27 10University of Education, Lahore.25 11Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.19 12Lahore College for Women University, Lahore.17 13Govt. College University, Faisalabad.14 University of Sindh, Jamshoro12 15Bahria University, Islamabad6 16University of Lahore, Lahore1 17University of Gujrat0

34. 9- Number of HEC Research Grant - 02 Points S.NoInstitute Name Number of Research Grants 1University of Karachi.135 2University of The Punjab, Lahore53 3University of Peshawar.26 4Govt. College University, Faisalabad.22 5Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.21 6University of Sindh, Jamshoro18 7Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.17 8International Islamic University, Islamabad14 9University of Sargodha.14 10The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.8 11Bahria University, Islamabad4 12Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.3 13University of Education, Lahore.2 14University of Gujrat.1 15National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.0 16Preston University, Kohat0 17University of Lahore, Lahore0

35. 10- Number of W Category Journals - 02 Point S.NoInstitute NameNo of Journals 1University of Karachi.3 2University of The Punjab.1 3Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. 0 4Bahria University.0 5Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.0 6Govt. College University, Faisalabad.0 7Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.0 8International Islamic University.0 9National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.0 10Preston University, Kohat0 11The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.0 12University of Education, Lahore.0 13University of Gujrat.0 14University of Lahore, Lahore0 15University of Peshawar.0 16University of Sargodha.0 17University of Sindh.0

36. 11- Number of X Category Journals - 01 Point S.NoInstitute NameNo of Journals 1University of The Punjab.3 2International Islamic University.1 3Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. 0 4Bahria University.0 5Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.0 6Govt. College University, Faisalabad.0 7Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.0 8National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.0 9Preston University, Kohat0 10The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.0 11University of Education, Lahore.0 12University of Gujrat.0 13University of Karachi.0 14University of Lahore, Lahore0 15University of Peshawar.0 16University of Sargodha.0 17University of Sindh.0

37. 12- Number of Y Category Journals - 01 Point S.NoInstitute NameNo of Journals 1University of The Punjab.9 2University of Karachi.4 3University of Peshawar.4 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.2 5University of Sindh.1 6Bahria University. 0 7Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology. 0 8Govt. College University, Faisalabad. 0 9Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP. 0 10International Islamic University. 0 11National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. 0 12Preston University, Kohat 0 13The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. 0 14University of Education, Lahore. 0 15University of Gujrat. 0 16University of Lahore, Lahore 0 17University of Sargodha. 0

38. 13- Number of Z Category Journals - 01 Point S.NoInstitute NameNo of Journals 1University of The Punjab.8 2University of Karachi.6 3University of Sindh.6 4University of Peshawar.5 5International Islamic University.3 6National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.3 7Govt. College University, Faisalabad.2 8Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.1 9The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.1 10University of Education, Lahore.1 11Bahria University0 12Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology.0 13Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP.0 14Preston University, Kohat0 15University of Gujrat.0 16University of Lahore, Lahore0 17University of Sargodha.0

39. 14- Number of Publication in Impact Factor Journal (2010) - 05 Points S.NoInstitute NameNo of Publications 1University of The Punjab.104 2University of Karachi.100 3University of Sindh.70 4University of Peshawar.68 5International Islamic University.56 6Govt. College University, Faisalabad. 15 7Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. 8The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. 9Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology. 10 University of Gujrat. 11National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. 5 12Hazara University Mansehra, NWFP. 13University of Sargodha. 14University of Education, Lahore.0 15University of Lahore, Lahore0 16Bahria University.0 17Preston University, Kohat0

40. COMPOSITION OF COMMITTEE Rear Admiral Ehsan Saeed SI (M) (Retd) Pro-RectorPresident Rear Admiral Ehsan Saeed SI (M) (Retd) Pro-RectorPresident Cdre Sajid Ali Hashmi SI (M) (Retd)Director MISMember Cdre Sajid Ali Hashmi SI (M) (Retd)Director MISMember Dr. M Altaf MukatiDean EngineeringMember Dr. M Altaf MukatiDean EngineeringMember Dr. Shabnam bahar MalikDirector R&DMember Dr. Shabnam bahar MalikDirector R&DMember Captain I A Khanzada PN (Retd)Director QAMember Captain I A Khanzada PN (Retd)Director QAMember Dr. Mehboob AhmedHOD MS (UGS) BUICMember Dr. Mehboob AhmedHOD MS (UGS) BUICMember Mr. M. Owais AhmedDeputy Director(FCP)Member Mr. M. Owais AhmedDeputy Director(FCP)Member

41. MANDATE OF THE COMMITTEE Study and analysis the ranking status of Bahria University in the recent rankings of Pakistani Universities by HEC and give comprehensive recommendations for improvement. Study and analysis the ranking status of Bahria University in the recent rankings of Pakistani Universities by HEC and give comprehensive recommendations for improvement. Critical analysis of existing criteria & methodology adopted by HEC in ranking processes (any anomalies/flaws) and propose precise and logical suggestions for its improvement. Critical analysis of existing criteria & methodology adopted by HEC in ranking processes (any anomalies/flaws) and propose precise and logical suggestions for its improvement.

42. Thank You