1. ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADJETIVAS: RELALTIVE CLAUSES ESPECIFICATIVAS: RESTRICTIVE/DEFINING: Essential to the clear understanding of the noun in the sentence. No commas: The man who gave me this refused to give me his name The noise that he made waked everybody up

2. PRONOUNS IN DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES SUBJECTOBJECT POSSESSIVE For personsWho That Whom/who That Whose For thingsWhich that Which that Whose/of which

3. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: PERSONS SUBJECT: WHO is normally used The man who robbed you has been arrested the girls who serve in the shop are my daughters THAT is also possible after all, everyone, everybody, none, nobody and those Everyone that knew him liked him Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it

4. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: PERSONS OBJECT WHOM : formal WHO/THAT: in spoken English OMISSION OF PRONOUN ALTOGETHER The man whom I saw told me to come back today The man who I saw told….. The man that I saw……… The man I saw…..

5. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: PERSONS WITH PREPOSITIONS WHOM: formal english The man to whom I spoke WHOM/WHO: moving the preposition to the end of the sentence The man who/whom I spoke to THAT: often replaces whom/who The man that I spoke to OMISSION OF RELATIVE ALTOGETHER: The man i spoke to

6. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: PERSONS POSSESSIVE WHOSE: is the only posssible form People whose rents have been raiseds can appeal The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him

7. DEFINING REALTIVE CLAUSES. THINGS SUBJECT WHICH: formal This is the picture which caused such a sensation THAT: less formal This is the picture that causes such a sensation

8. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: THINGS OBJECT OF A VERB WHICH: The car which I hired broke down Which is hardly ever used afer all, everything, little, much. more, none, no and superlatives. Instead we use that, or omit the relative This is the best hotal (that) I know THAT: The car that I hired broke down NO RELATIVE AT ALL: The car I hired broke down

9. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. THINGS OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION PREPOSITIO+WHICH: formal The ladder on which I was standing began to slip MOVE THE PREPOSTION AFTER THE VERB, USING WHICH-THAT-OMITTING RELATIVE: The ladder which/taht I was standing on began to slip The ladder I was standing on began to slip

10. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: THINGS WHOSE: A house whose walls were made of glass WITH+ A PHRASE: more usual A house with glass walls

11. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: THINGS RELATIVE ADVERBS WHEN-WHERE-WHY: The year when he was born (in which he was born) The day when they arrived (on which they arrived) The hote where they stayed (in/at which they satyed) The reason why they refuse (for which they refused)

12. FURTHER DEFINING RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS It was Tom who helped us It´s the manager that we want to see It´s speed that causes accidents, not bad roads The last man to leave the ship:the last man who left… The only one to understand.the only on who understood The first man to see me was Tom:…who saw me…. The first man to see is Tom:….that we must see is Tom He has a lot of books to read:..that he has to read She had something to do:..that she had to do

13. NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES They do not define the noun, but merely add something to it by giving some more information about it. They are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion. They are separated from their noun by commas My neighbour, who is very pessimistic, says ther will be no apples this year Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town

14. NOUN DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: PRONOUNS SUBJECTOBJECTPOSSESSIVE FOR PERSONSWHOWHOM/WHOWHOSE FOR THINGSWHICH WHOSE/OF WHICH

15. NON-DEFINIG RELATIVE CLAUSES: PERSONS SUBJECT: WHO No other pronoun is possible. Note the commas: Tom, who is always happy, works very hard OBJECT: WHOM/WHO The pronoun canot be omitted. Peter, with whom I played tennis on sundays, had an accident Peter, who/whom I played tennis on sundays,had an accident POSSESSSIVE: WHOSE Ann,whose children are at school,is trying to get a job

16. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: THINGS SUBJECT: WHICH That is not used here: That block, which cost 5$ million, has been empty for years That block cost 5$ million and has been empty for years OBJECT: WHICH That is not used here and which and never be omitted: These books, which you can get anywhere, are the cheapest These books are the cheapest. You can get them anywhere

17. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLUASES: THINGS OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION Ashdown forest, through which we´ll be driving, isn´t a forest any longer Ashdown forest, which we´ll be driving through, isn´t a forest any longer PHRASAL VERBS ARE TREATED AS A UNIT: Your inefficiency, which we have to put up with, is beginning to annoy our customers POSSESSIVE: WHOSE/OF WHICH His house, whose windows are all broken, was a depressing sight

18. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO/ADJETIVAS DEFINING/ESPECIFICATIVAS esenciales para comprensión del antecedente that/ sin comas posible omisión del relativo SUJETO: The girl who/that loves him is my sister. The song which/that was sung is lovely. OBJETO: The girl (who/whom/that) he likes is my sister. The money (that/which) he spent is mine. CIRCUNSTANCIAL: That´s the girl with who(m) I go out. That´s the girl I go out with. That´s the girl that I go out with That´s the pen with which I write That´s the pen I write with That´s the pen that I write with NON- DEFINING/EXPLICATIVAS información complementaria para comprensión del antecedente entre comas el relativo no se omite SUJETO: John, who is always happy,works hard My desk,which is very hard,cost a lot of money. OBJETO: John, who(m) you met yesterday, is blind. My desk, which you saw yesterday, cost a lot of money.