1. 13. External Validity What is meant by the external validity of a research design? How is research limited in regard to generalization to other groups of people? How does ecological validity help increase confidence that an experimental will generalize to other research settings? What is the purpose of replication? What are the differences among exact, conceptual, and constructive replications? What is a participant replication, and when it is used? What is the purpose of review papers and meta-analyses? What are the differences between the two?

2. External Validity The extent to which the results of a research design can be generalized beyond the specific way the original experiment was conducted.

3. Generalization The extent to which relationships among conceptual variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of people and a wide variety of manipulated or measured variables. Generalization Across Participants Generalization Across Settings Ecological ValidityField Experiment Experimental research designs that are conducted in a natural environment such as a library, a factory, or a school.

4. Replication The process of repeating previous research, which forms the basis of all scientific inquiry. Exact Replication Conceptual Replication Constructive ReplicationParticipant Replication An replication that repeats a previous research design as exact as possible. An replication that provide information about the specific conditions under which the original relationship might or might not be found. An replication which tests the same hypothesis as the original experiment, but also adds new conditions to the original conditions to assess the specific variables that might change the previously observed relationships. An replication that repeat a previous research design using different participants from a different population (culture)

5. Summarizing and Integrating Research Results Research Program Review Papers Meta-analysis Systematic studies throughout conceptual and constructive replications over a period of time. A document that discusses the research in a given area with goals of summarizing the existing findings, drawing conclusions about the conditions to other areas of research, and making suggestions for further research. A statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw conclusions about those studies.