1. The Industrial Revolution World History Mr. Simmons

2. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain  Began in 1780 ’ s because of improved farming methods, increased food supply lowered prices more money for purchase of manufactured goods and capital (investment money).  Entrepreneurs look for ways to invest money to make profit.  Cotton industry, spinning cotton from home called cottage industry.  New invention like the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water-powered loom all improved production

3. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont)  James Watt invented the steam engine which really improved the cotton industry.  By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain ’ s most valuable product.  Coal industry started to expand after invention of steam engine, railroads were also crucial to revolution because they were way to move the product.  The Rocket first public rail-line, ran from Liverpool to Manchester 32 miles apart, pulled 40 ton train at 16 mph.

4. The Spread of Industrialization  The Factory – shifts of labor to keep machines running.  Britain was first Industrial Nation, produced ½ of world ’ s cotton goods and coal.  Spread at different speeds, main factor was infrastructure  Germany, France, and others Industrialized quickly due to existing infrastructure(canals, roads) U.S. around 1800 started but there was no infrastructure, until Robert Fulton invented first steam-powered paddle boat and the laying of thousands of miles of railroad b/t 1830 and 1860.

5. Social Impact in Europe  Spurred growth of cities and created two new classes: industrial middle class and industrial working class.  European Population doubled b/t 1750 and 1850.  Movement from country into the cities.  Many who moved lived in miserable conditions  Replaced commercial capitalism with industrial capitalism – based on industrial production (industrial middle class) – vision, money-making, ambition, etc.

6. Social Impact in Europe (cont)  Horrible working conditions  12-16 hr days, no minimum wage, no security, hot temps, no safety standards. Women and children made up 2/3 of work force in cotton industry.  Reforms - Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as legal age to work  Conditions led to movement called socialism – government owns and controls all industry, equality of all men  Idea of early thinkers replace competition with cooperation, later socialists like Karl Marx thought these ideas were not practical.  Robert Owen – utopian socialist

7. Discussion Questions 1. What labor reforms today do we have that were needed in the beginning of the industrial revolution? 2. What were conditions inside cities like as urbanization grew? 3. How do socialism and capitalism differ?

8. The Congress of Vienna  Austria in 1814, Restoring old European order (After Napoleon)  Restoration of monarchs in interest of peace and stability  Balancing of power through territorial loss/gain

9. The Conservative Order  Conservatism – based on tradition and social stability  Goal was to crush revolution and restore monarchies  Principle of intervention – countries have right to intervene in another country to stop revolution

10. Forces of Change  Liberalism and Nationalism  Basic principles of Liberalism are protecting the rights of individuals, separation of church and state, no sharing of power with lower class.  Nationalism awareness of people belonging to the same institutions, customs, traditions, language, culture.  Loyalty to a nation not a king

11. Revolutions of 1848  Lack of trust by French towards the monarchy  Called for universal male suffrage  Napoleon ’ s nephew (Louis-Napoleon) was elected president 1848-1852  Several other revolts led to democratic governments but a return to conservative rule was on the way.

12. Discussion Questions 1. What is the definitions of conservative and liberal today and how do they differ from the mid-19 th century? 2. Why would democracy not stick as it has today in most European countries?

13. Concert of Europe  Nationalism led too ……  The Crimean War – Russia v. Ottoman Empire  Unification of many states (Germany and Italy)  Withdraw of Russia from European affairs until late 19 th century

14. Italian and German Unification  Italy was split into three states: Piedmont, Sicily, and Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered both and handed power to Piedmont.  France had control of most of Germany  Prussian armies helped clear the way  William the I named Kaiser of unified German States

15. Nationalism and Reform  British stability  France reinstated empire, authoritarian rule of Napoleon III, he rebuilt Paris  Austria was a multinational state  In 1867 Austria split into the Austria- Hungary Empire  Russian Czar Alexander II freed serfs (1861), Emancipation Edict

16. Nationalism in U.S.  Issue of American Unity threatened by Slavery and Power  Civil War (1861-1865)  Issue of Slavery, votes  The struggle for power between Agrarian South and Industrial North  Bloody War – over 600,000 deaths  National unity prevailed as South surrendered

17. Emergence of Canada  Rule passed from French to British  Upper(English) and Lower (French) Canada were joined after several rebellions  1867 British North American Act created Canada as an independent study

18. Discussion Questions 1. What strengths/weaknesses does unification bring? 2. How does race play an issue in unity today?

19. Romanticism  Reaction to enlightenment  Emphasized feeling and emotion  Examples - Edgar Allen Poe, Mary Shelley ’ s Frankenstein, Sir Walter Scott ’ s Ivanhoe, Beethoven  Two Basic Beliefs: art reflects artist ’ s inner soul and art should abandon reason for emotion.

20. A New Age of Science  Scientific Discoveries brought on by Industrial Revolution and Secularization  Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease (Pasteurization)  Dmitry Mendeleyev classified all elements based on weight  Darwin ’ s theory of evolution and natural selection

21. Realism  Means world should be looked at realistically, rejected romanticisms art movement  Charles Dickens books describe brutal details of what urban poverty was really like.  Gustave Courbet realist painter painted real-life stills of workers, peasants, etc. He would paint only what he could see.

22. Discussion Questions 1. Why were Darwin ’ s theories so controversial? 2. What is the best form of Romanticism still alive in today ’ s society? 3. Why do some people disagree with realism?