1. L IKE M OTHER, LIKE DAUGHTER Examining the influence of Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn on their daughters reigns as Queens

2. T HESIS The traumatic experiences of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn had lasting effects on Mary and Elizabeth, so much so that their mothers defined their reigns as queens. Catherine and Anne influenced their daughters both directly and indirectly, to the point that the actions and characters of Mary I and Elizabeth I can be traced to their mothers.

3. A RGUMENTS

4. K ATHERINE OF A RAGON ’ S INFLUENCE Humanist Education Katherine oversaw Mary’s teachings Anne Boleyn Spanish connection Inquisition Marriage to Phillip Catholic Religion

5. A NNE B OLEYN ' S INFLUENCE Emphasis on appearance Cult of Elizabeth Utilizing sexuality as a weapon Elizabeth never marries Religion under Elizabeth I

6. W HAT ABOUT H ENRY Beloved father? Never spoke ill about Henry Ignored final requests Succession security

7. P RIMARY S OURCES

8. L ETTER FROM K ATHERINE TO M ARY Written shortly after the birth of Elizabeth ‘’Daughter, I heard such tidings today that I do perceive if it be true, the time is come that Almighty God will prove you; and I am very glad of it, for I trust He doth handle you with a good love. I beseech you agree of His pleasure with a merry heart; and be sure that, without fail, He will not suffer you to perish if you beware to offend Him. I pray you, good daughter, to offer yourself to Him. If any pangs come to you, shrive yourself; first make you clean; take heed of His commandments, and keep them as near as He will give you grace to do, for then you are sure armed. And if this lady [Anne Shelton] do come to you as it is spoken, if she do bring you a letter from the King, I am sure in the self same letter you shall be commanded what you shall do. Answer with few words, obeying the King, your father, in everything, save only that you will not offend God and lose your own soul; and go no further with learning and disputation in the matter…’’

9. O N A NNE B OLEYN ' S A PPEARANCE Cardinal Wolsey’s usher recounts Anne’s arrival to court ‘’I will tell you as best I can how the king’s love came about and what followed thereafter. When this lady, Mistress Anne Boleyn, was very young she was sent to France to be a lady-in-waiting to the French queen. When the queen died she was sent back to her father who arranged for her to become a lady-in-waiting to queen Catherine, wife of Henry. Such was her success in this post, shown both by her exemplary behavior and excellent deportment that she quickly outshone all the others. To such an extent, in fact, that the flames of desire began to burn secretly in the king’s breast, unknown to all, least of all to Anne herself…’’

10. E LIZABETH ON MARRIAGE (1560) Response to Erik of Sweden's proposal ‘’…We certainly think that if God ever direct our hearts to consideration of marriage we shall never accept or choose any absent husband how powerful and wealthy a Prince soever. But that we are not to give you an answer until we have seen your person is so far from the thing itself that we never even considered such a thing. But I have always given both to your brother, who is certainly a most excellent prince and deservedly very dear to us, and also to your ambassador likewise the same answer with scarcely any variation of the words, that we do not conceive in our heart to take a husband, but highly commend this single life, and hope that your Serene Highness will no longer spend time in waiting for us.’’

11. S ECONDARY S OURCES

12. Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions Mary I: England’s Catholic Queen

14. S O WHAT ?

16. Pop culture is fascinated by these four women’s lives Mary and Elizabeth were the first reigning queens of England Each made lasting effects on the Monarchy and England Four powerful women who had influence on politics, society and religion