2. Water Quality What is polluting our water?

3. Cities require a very large input of freshwater and in turn have a huge impact on freshwater systems. Solid waste disposal is a growing threat to health and the environment. 93% of the urbanization occurs in poor or developing countries 789 million in total, lives without access to improved sanitation facilities. The urban poor pay up to 50 times more for a liter of water than their richer neighbors, since they often have to buy their water from private vendors.

4. Water on Earth

5. 30% groundwater MWD serves 18 million people in Southern California (Colorado River) State water project

8. Watershed: an area of land where all water that drains from it goes to the same place What does your watershed look like?

9. CCHS is located in Ballona Creek Watershed Concerns in Ballona – Urban runoff – Trash & debris – High nutrients – Bacterial levels – Heavy metals & toxins

10. Marine Ecosystems Concerns in Malibu – Tapia Treatment Plant – Septic discharges – High nutrients – Bacterial levels Tidewater goby Steelhead Trout Brown Pelican California least tern

11. Santa Monica: Concerns in Santa Monica Canyon Channel

12. How are pollutants transported?

13. Fecal Pollution Dogs Livestock Birds People WWTP discharges Septic systems Anthropogenic pollution – Surfactants – Nutrients – Oil and grease

14. Nutrient Pollution

15. Methods : Fecal indicator bacteria Fecal indicator bacteria are generally not harmful bacteria that reside in the gut of animals FIB are released into the environment with feces and used to indicate water quality Limitations: Method requires 24hr to get a result. Does not give you information on the source www.idexx.com

16. Data: Enterococci bacteria Water quality standards Enterococci: 104MPN/100mL E. coli: 400MPN/100mL Which beach had highest levels? Which watershed is most contaminated?

17. Water Quality and Public Health Swimming related illness Acute Respiratory disease Gastrointestinal illness Diarrhea Vomiting Nausea Fever Sore throat Runny nose Ear or Eye infection Skin rash Bacteria Escherichia coli Salmonella typhi Vibrio Cholerae Campylobacter jejunji Viruses Adenovirus Enterovirus Hepatitis A Rotavirus 16

18. Source:http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/ Urban Runoff

19. Stormwater treatment Legacy Park in Malibu

20. Point-of-use Treatment Metal salts such as alum and iron sulfate can transform contaminated source waters into clear, safe drinkable water. Turbid river water treated with a flocculant-disinfectant powder in Borneo.