1. First Nuclear Age, 1945-90s 1. 1. Bipolarity – balance 2. 2. Deterrence – vulnerability 3. 3. Arms Control – Managing rivalry 4. 4. Rationality Second Nuclear Age, 1990s to present 1. 1. Multipolarity asymmetry 2. 2. Deterrence missile defense 3. 3. Arms Control coercion 4. 4. Rationality

2. Second Nuclear Age, 1990s to present 1. Multipolarity asymmetry 2. Deterrence missile defense 3. Arms Control coercion 4. Rationality

3. 1. Multipolarity More players in the game Several levels of relationships Almost all are asymmetric A. Strategic Level B. Regional Level C. Terrorism?

4. Table 1. Estimated global nuclear weapons inventories, 2014. Hans M. Kristensen, and Robert S. Norris Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2014;0096340214547619 Copyright © by Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

5. A. Strategic level US and Russia: rough equality  Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) 2002  New START Treaty 2010 New START Treaty 2010

6. China Chinese nuclear capability Chinese nuclear doctrine US Annual Report on Chinese Military Power US Annual Report on Chinese Military Power

7. Table 1. Chinese nuclear forces, 2013. Hans M. Kristensen, and Robert S. Norris Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2013;69:79-85 Copyright © by Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

8. Chinese MRBM and ICBM Ranges Chinese MRBM and ICBM Ranges from US Report on Chinese Military Power, p. 82

9. B. Regional Level South Asia Middle East East Asia

10. South Asia

11. India Missile Ranges

12. Pakistani Missile Ranges

13. The Problems? North Korea: Three nuclear tests North Korea October 9, 2006 May 25, 2009 February 12, 2013 Iran: No tests yet, but Iran 2007 US National Intelligence EstimateUS National Intelligence Estimate 2013 IAEA ReportIAEA Report 2013 BBC AnalysisBBC Analysis

16. C. Terrorism? AQAM US Invasion of Iraq 2003 Coup in Pakistan Iranian allies: Hezbollah?

17. 2. Deterrence Three Modifications to Cold War Deterrence Dealing with the regional threat A. Missile Defense B. Prompt Global Strike C. Use of Nuclear Weapons against Non-Nuclear States

18. A. Missile Defense Strategic Defense Initiative: Reagan’s SDI speech, March 23, 1983SDI

19. NMD: Deterrence by Denial National Missile Defense Act of 1999 US Missile Defense AgencyMissile Defense Agency The missile defense systemmissile defense system NMD test videosvideos BMD Review 2010

20. GW Bush and Obama

21. B. Prompt Global Strike GW Bush Nuclear Posture Review 2001 Summary Obama Nuclear Posture Review 2010Nuclear Posture Review 2010 US Strategic Command: JFCC Global StrikeJFCC Global Strike Amy F. Woolf, “Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues.” Congressional Research Service. April 26, 2013Conventional Prompt Global Strike

22. Why Conventional PGS? Speed Vulnerability of forward bases Preemption Option to stay below nuclear threshold

23. C. Use of Nuclear Weapons against Non-Nuclear States

24. 3. Arms Control Strategic Arms Control: US and Russia Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) 2002Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) 2002 New START Treaty 2010 US and China: nothing

25. Regional Powers? Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (1970) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (1970) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)(IAEA)

26. Problems? Never Signed NPT Israel India Pakistan Violated Treaty Provisions Iraq Iran North Korea

27. Coercion, Sanctions, Talks North Korea Six Party Talks UNSC Resolution 1718 (2006) UNSC Resolution 1718 Iran P5 + 1 Talks UNSC Resolution 1929 (2010) UNSC Resolution 1929

28. Missile Technology Control Regime

29. 4. Rationality If leaders of these states are rational… Extortion is their policy If leaders of these states are irrational… How do we deal with them?

30. Larger Question Does Deterrence Work? GW Bush answer

31. Terrorists Rationality? Hamas or AQAM? Rationality of groups that use suicide bombing?