1. AP World History POD #19 – Revolutions in Europe Reign of Terror

2. Class Discussion Notes McKay – “World War and Republican France, 1791-1799”, pp. 704-712

3. How did the French Revolution take on an international tone? April 1792 – France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy Prussia, Austria, and the Austrian Netherlands formed the First Coalition in opposition to France The war did not go well at the start and Paris was open to foreign attack Combine this with popular unrest and rebellion – France was on the verge of collapse

4. What was the National Convention? September 1792 Declared France a Republic Continued to fight foreign wars on an attempt to destroy all feudalism in Europe (they were fighting almost all of Europe by 1793) French Army plundered supplies, foreign country sides, and appeared more as an enemy invader rather than an enlightened liberator

5. What rival political groups fought for control of the National Assembly? Two rival political groups – Girondists and The Mountain

6. Who were the Sans-Coulottes and what were their political and economic interests? “Without Breeches” Composed of working men and women of Paris They were the men and women who stormed the Bastille, led the Bread Riots and the September Massacre Their interests were economic as they demanded a guarantee to daily bread By July 1794 the French Army had come back against the First Coalition as a result of planned economy, revolutionary terror, and nationalism

7. What was the fate of King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette? Louis XVI charged convicted and executed for treason (guillotine)

8. What was the motivating factor of Maximilian Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety? The leader of the Mountains, Maximilian Robespierre became the dominant force at this time Used special revolutionary courts to attack and remove political enemies of the revolution There was an attempt to purge all monarchical ideologies and remnants from France

9. How did the French Revolution give rise to nationalism? With a common tradition and language reinforced by popular sovereignty and democracy – the people of France were linked together as never before

10. What was the Thermidorian Reaction? July 27, 1794 Conspiracy of radicals and moderates in the National Convention sent Robespierre to the guillotine before he could do the same to them Ended much of the reforms of the National Convention A new constitution was written in which a directory was created which ruled as a five man executive committee The Directory continued the war against European neighbors