1. Classification and Taxonomy The student will investigate and understand how organisms can be classified. Key concepts include: a) the distinguishing characteristics of kingdoms of organisms; b) the distinguishing characteristics of major animal and plant phyla; and c) the characteristics of the species.

2. TAXONOMY--the branch of science that classifies and names living things. How are Living things classified? physical structure (how they look) evolutionary relationships embryonic similarities (embryos) genetic similarities (DNA) biochemical similarities

3. Classification Systems

6. HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED? NOMENCLATURE--a system for naming things BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE a two word naming system used in Biology to name organisms. Carolus Linnaeus devised this in the 1800's using these two subgroups for the name (uses Latin- a ‘universal’ language) GENUS & SPECIES (more general) (more specific) * Humans are known as Homo sapiens

7. KingdomKingdom Animalia PhylumPhylum Chordata ClassClass Mammalia OrderOrder Primates FamilyFamily Hominidae GenusGenus Homo species sapiens

9. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Large Have chromosomes Have membrane- bound organelles – Nucleus – Mitochondria – Centrioles – (theory of endosymbiosis) Prokaryotic Cells Small No chromosomes, only small circle of DNA (plasmid) No membrane- bound organelles. Eukaryotic Cells are Larger than Prokaryotic cells

10. MONERA Only kingdom composed of prokaryotic organisms Single cell (no multicellular forms) Have a cell wall No membrane-bound organelles Autotrophic or Heterotrophic (ex- Bacteria, some algae) The Archaebacteria, the most ancient of this kingdom, are so different that they may belong to a separate kingdom. Other groups of Monera include the cyanobacteria (autotrophic) and eubacteria (heterotrophic).

11. PROTISTA The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom Eukaryotic heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both Perhaps they are best defined as eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants. (Ex- Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)

12. FUNGI Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, usually multicellular group having multinucleated cells enclosed in cells with cell walls. Decomposers: They obtain their energy by decomposing dead and dying organisms and absorbing their nutrients from those organisms. Some fungi also cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), while others are useful in baking, brewing, as foods, drugs and sources for antibiotics. (Ex- mushrooms, yeast)

13. PLANTAE Plants are immobile, multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis (autotrophic)and have cell walls. Plants are important sources of oxygen, food, and clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.

14. ANIMALIA Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are capable of mobility at some stage during their lives, and that have cells lacking cell walls.