1. Basic Chemistry V Vladimíra Kvasnicová

2. Exercise methane ethane hexane 3-methylpentane

3. http://www.gunthersclass.com/24_10.jpg Exercise trans but-2-ene cis but-2-ene

4. Exercise http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Geometric_isomerism trans 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane cis 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane

5. Exercise Call the compound using the general rule of naming: locant-substituent(s)-prefix-locant of multiple bond-suffix CH 3 -CH 2 -CH(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )-CH=CH-C(CH 3 ) 2 -CH 3 5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloct-3-ene other substituents than alkyls: F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo NO 2 = nitro

6. Hydrocarbon derivatives carboxylic acidR-COOH aliphatic/ -oic acid (-dioic acid) / - tricarboxylic acid cyclic/ - carboxylic acid 1.hydrocarbon –oic acid(propanoic acid) 2.common names(propionic acid) reactions:dissociation → carboxylate (= anion) reduction → aldehyde

7. Hydrocarbon derivatives sulfonic acidR-SO 3 H sulfo- / sulfonic acid 1.hydrocarbon sulfonic acid(methane sulfonic acid) reactions: dissociation → sulfonate (= anion) reduction → thiol

8. Hydrocarbon derivatives aldehydeR-CHO aliphaticformyl- / -al cyclic - carbaldehyde 1.hydrocarbon –al(methanal) 2.common names(formaldehyde) reactions:oxidation → carboxylic acid reduction → primary alcohol

9. Hydrocarbon derivatives ketoneR 1 -CO-R 2 aliphaticoxo- or keto- / -one cyclic unsaturated diketones = quinones 1.hydrocarbon –one(propanone) 2.hydrocarbon rests ketone(dimethyl ketone) 3.common names(acetone) reactions:reduction → secondary alcohol

10. Hydrocarbon derivatives alcoholR-OH aliphatichydroxy- / -ol (-diol, -triol) aromatic = phenolscommon names sulfur-containing = thiolssulfanyl- / -thiol 1.hydrocarbon –ol(methanol) 2.hydrocarbon rest alcohol(methyl alcohol) reactions:oxidation → aldehyde or ketone dehydration → unsaturated hydrocarbon

11. Hydrocarbon derivatives amineR-NH 2 R 1 -NH-R 2 R 1 -N(R 2 )-R 3 amino- / -amine (-diamine) 1.hydrocarbon rest(s) –amine(propylamine) 2.hydrocarbon -amine(propaneamine) reactions:oxidation → nitro compound protonation → ammonium cation

12. Hydrocarbon derivatives etherR 1 -O-R 2 alk(yl)oxy- / -ether sulfur-containing = sulfide / - sulfide R 1 -S-R 2 1.hydrocarbon rests ether(ethyl propyl ether)

13. Hydrocarbon derivatives halogen derivativeR-XX = F, Cl, Br, I halogeno- / (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-) 1.halogeno- hydrocarbon(chloromethane) nitro derivativeR-NO 2 nitro- / 1.nitro- hydrocarbon(nitromethane)

14. Important terms oxidation: dehydrogenation (-2 H), oxygenation (+O) CH 3 -CH(OH)-COOH → CH 3 -CO-COOH + 2 H reduction: hydrogenation (+2 H) CH 3 -CO-COOH + 2 H → CH 3 -CH(OH)-COOH hydration /dehydration HOOC-CH=CH-COOH +H 2 O  HOOC-CH 2 -CH(OH)-COOH

15. Important carboxylic acids - C 2 1.CH 3 -COOH 2.CH 3 -COO - 3.CH 3 -CO- 4.CH 2 (NH 2 )-COOH acetic acid acetate acetyl glycine

16. Important carboxylic acids – C 3 1.CH 3 -CH 2 -COOH 2.CH 3 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH 3.CH 3 -CH(OH)-COOH 4.CH 3 -CO-COOH 5.HOOC-CH 2 -COOH propionic acid alanine lactic acid pyruvic acid malonic acid

17. 1.CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH C 4 2.CH 3 -CH(OH)-CH 2 -COOH 3.CH 3 -CO-CH 2 -COOH 4.HOOC-CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH 5.HOOC-CH=CH-COOH trans 6.HOOC-CH(OH)-CH 2 -COOH 7.HOOC-CO-CH 2 -COOH 8.HOOC-CH(NH 2 )-CH 2 -COOH 9.HOOC-CH(NH 2 )-CH 2 -CONH 2 butyric ac.  -hydroxybutyric acetoacetic acid succinic acid fumaric acid malic acid oxaloacetic acid aspartic acid asparagine

18. 1.CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH 2.CH 3 -CH(CH 3 )-CH(NH 2 )-COOH 3.HOOC-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH 4.HOOC-CO-CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH 5.HOOC-CH(NH 2 )-(CH 2 ) 2 -COOH 6.HOOC-CH(NH 2 )-(CH 2 ) 2 -CONH 2 valeric acid valine glutaric acid 2-oxoglutaric glutamic acid glutamine C5C5