1. 1 Coevolution and Symbiosis _________________ involves long-term mutual evolutionary character adjustments of two or more species. – _______-_________ interactions – ______________ relationships  long-term relationships.  Give an example of each: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism

2. 2 Mimicry __________ mimicry – Palatable insects resemble brightly colored, distasteful species.  non-poisonous Viceroy butterfly looks like the _____________ ___________ mimicry – Unrelated protected species resemble one another.  predators learn more quickly  Several distasteful butterflies look alike

3. 3 Interactions Among Ecological Processes Keystone species – Species that _______________________ _______________________  __________________may keep one species from outcompeting others  ____________and change ecology.

4. 4 Succession Succession is the process of ecosystems changing from a simple to a more complex structure. – primary succession - occurs in bare or open areas  ______________ (adding nutrients) of oligotrophic (poor in nutrients) lakes  ___________ first, then _____________, then larger plants. – secondary succession - occurs only when _________ is already present

5. 5 Invasive Species What is meant by invasive species? Give examples of invasive species in North America, and describe the effect of each.

6. 6 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation: makes nitrogen that plants can use to make proteins – Mainly from symbiotic bacteria – Ammonification-nitrogen fixation that makes ______(ammonia) from ______. Denitrification- bacteria release ________into atmosphere

7. 7 Trophic Levels ____________ - capture light energy and manufacture own chemical energy – primary producers ____________ - must obtain organic molecules that have been synthesized by autotrophs – consumers

8. 8 Trophic Levels – Primary consumers - herbivores – Secondary consumers - organisms that feed on herbivores – Detritivores - live on _________ of an ecosystem ex: Buzzard  Decomposers - break down complex _____________into simpler compounds  Ex: bacteria, fungi

9. 9 Trophic Levels

10. 10 Trophic Levels ______________refers to the feeding level of an organism. – Organisms from each trophic level constitute a ___________.  Interconnected food chains constitute a _______________. ____________On average, 10% of the organic matter (energy) transfers from one trophic level to the next.

11. 11 Primary Productivity Primary productivity refers to the amount of organic matter produced from solar energy in a given area during a given period of time. – _________ primary productivity is the total organic matter produced. – _________primary productivity is the amount of organic matter produced that is available to heterotrophs.

12. 12 Types of Parasites ___________________ live on the surface of their host (outside) ex: tick.. _______________ live inside their host ex: hookworm. _______________ live part of life cycle inside and part outside. Ex: Apicomplex that causes malaria. ____________- larvae eat their host and often kill, so they are really more like predators.

13. 13 Trophic Levels ___________________refers to the feeding level of an organism. – Organisms from each trophic level constitute a ________________.  Interconnected food chains constitute a __________________. 10 % rule- ___________________________________ ___________________________________

14. 14 Primary Productivity Primary productivity refers to the amount of ___________________________________ in a given area during a given period of time. – _____________________is the total organic matter produced. – ____________________is the amount of organic matter produced that is available to heterotrophs.

15. 15 The stability of populations, communities and ecosystems is affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. _____________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

16. 16 Competitive Exclusion Principle __________________If two species with the same niche live in the same habitat, the better fit species will outcompete the other (Gause’s Principle)

17. 17 Endangered because of low genetic diversity: ______________- political and scientific ramification altered history in N. America and Europe _________________- huge threat in N. America _______________- Small population in Madagascar subject to cancer ______________– Seen in Western states, isolation of populations from habitat loss causes low genetic variation. __________________Similar outcome as above ________________few breeding pairs remain