1. LING 702 Structure Class 2 Instructor: Bede McCormack

2. Levels of Meaning n Sub-sentential n Sentential n Supra-sentential

3. n What’s in a Word? Syntax Category Morphology

4. Lexical Categories n Nouns n Determiners n Verbs n Adjectives n Adverbs n Adpositions n Pronouns n Conjunctions

5. Nouns n Common vs. Proper n Count vs. Non-Count

6. Determiners n Not just the articles a, an, the n but also: u Demonstratives (this) u Possessives (our) u Interrogatives (whose)

7. Verbs n Subcategorization n Transitivity u Transitive u Intransitive u Ditransitive u Ergative

8. Adjectives n Comparative n Placement u Attributive u Predicative

9. Adverbs May be derived from adjectives Can modify various categories: Verbs Adjectives Other Adverbs Entire sentences

10. Pre vs. post-positions n The cat is on the roof n Neko ga yane no ue ni iru

11. Pronouns n Personal n Demonstrative n Interrogative n Relative n Indefinite n Reflexive

12. Conjunctions n Coordinating n Subordinating

13. Morphemes Bound vs. Free unawareunderstand applesaucerefrigerator receivingblackberry reliabilitycranberry antidisestablishmentarianism

14. Morphemes, cont’d Derivational vs. Inflectional n peach > peachesregiment > regimentation n n preach > preacherregiment > regimented n n wrap > unwraplonely > loneliness n n advise > advisabledark > darken > darkening n

15. Inflectional Morphology n On verbs, marks u Tense u Aspect u Person u Number F cf. Finegan, p. 55 n On Nouns, marks u Case u Person u Number F cf. Finegan, pp. 56, 57

16. Open or Closed? n Closed Categories n Open Categories u Adding words: F Affixation F Compounding F Borrowing F Conversion F Semantic shift F Blends F Acronyms

17. Activity n Finegan p. 51 u How many word-formation processes to you see in the graphic on p. 51?

18. Lexical & Phrasal Meaning n Lexical meaning u Denotation u Connotation u Homonymy (bear/bare) u Polysemy (live/live) u Lexical aspect u Argument structure u Semantic Fields

19. Phrasal Meaning n Collocations (tall vs. high building) n Set expressions u Grammatical form and semantic content largely fixed F The train was late F I told her, but she wouldn’t listen