1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Toward Empire 21

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM How many can you identify?

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM How many can you identify? 1.Growth (economy, population, industry) 2.Steel Navy 3.Colonial expansion of European powers 4.Missionary zeal 5.Darwinism Which was most significant?

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Catching the Spirit of Empire Domestic concerns dominated the post- Civil War years 1870s brought new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries Internationalism began to replace nationalism U.S. expansion shifted after 1890 Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Reasons for Expansion Expansion abroad sought to gain markets Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong’s popular Our Country (1885)

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867–1900 Expansionist foreign policy Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands Eroded European influence in Latin America –Diverted Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties –U.S. supported Venezuela against Great Britain

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands World Colonial Empires, 1900

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa 1875: U.S. granted Hawaiian sugar free entry Queen Liliuokalani retaliated for McKinley Tariff, attempted to reduce U.S. influence 1893: American settlers pulled off coup 1898: Hawaii made U.S. possession 1872: U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa 1899: U.S. shared control with Germany

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Hawaiian Islands

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The New Navy Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses Large merchant marine, strong navy needed 1889: Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervised a program of naval construction U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands War with Spain The war increased overseas possessions It also gained U.S. recognition as a “world power” Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A War for Principle February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba “Yellow press” whipped up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence McKinley gained Spanish concessions February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine April 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed “Teller Amendment” April 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h46000/h46774.jpg

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands What was the purpose of the Teller Amendment? Assure Cubans and European powers that American intervention was not an “imperial” land grab. stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people." Was it observed?

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Why did McKinley call for war with Spain? Popular Business interests Spanish “despotism” Maine incident Yellow Press/jingoism

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Spanish-American War Who had the advantage at the beginning of the war? –Spain had more soldiers and a bigger navy How did the Philippines become involved? –UNDERSecretary Teddy Roosevelt ordered Commodore Dewey to attack Manila What is the Hawaii connection to the war? –Annexed during the war to provide base in Pacific

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Spanish- American War: Pacific Theater

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “A Splendid Little War” U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared Problems of equipment and supply –Regulars possessed latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles –Guard units possessed old Springfield rifles Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Spanish- American War: Caribbean Theater

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Who are the Rough Riders? regiment of American volunteers, including cowboys, polo players, ex-convicts…and Teddy Roosevelt Why are they historically significant? http://www.etsu.edu/c as/history/resources/ Private/Faculty/Fac_ From1877ChapterDo c/ChapterImages/Ch 19RooseveltandtheR ough%20Riders.jpg

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Rough Riders” http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/img/grprord.jpg

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Smoked Yankees” African Americans served in army Guard units Black troops resisted segregation African American soldiers won 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Acquisition of Empire Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations December, 1898: Treaty of Paris –Cuba independent –U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands American Empire, 1900

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Treaty of Paris Debate Debate over annexation of the Philippines Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League –Against big armies, government, and debt –Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “And one night it came to me this way-I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) that we could not give them back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany-our commercial rivals in the Orient that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves – the were unfit for self-government and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate they Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep and slept soundly.” -President McKinley; reflecting on what to do with the Philippines after the Spanish American war. MOTIVATING IDEAS OF IMPERIALISM NATIONAL HONOR COMMERCE RACIAL SUPERIORITY ALTRUISM

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines 1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba 1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule –Local self-government permitted –Schedule established for independence July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands PHILIPPINES RESIST EMPIRE How was the Philippines different from Cuba? Emilio Aguinaldo Guerilla war Reconcentration camps Atrocities Americanization CASUALTY FIGURES: U.S.-- 4,234 dead and 2,818 wounded. “20,000 military dead and 200,000 civilian dead. (approximate numbers). Some historians place the numbers of civilian dead at 500,000 or higher.” medalofhonor.com

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Governing the Empire Supreme Court permitted selective application of the Constitution to new territories Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens Navy controlled Guam Cuban constitution ended U.S. occupation Platt Amendment: U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment? February 1901. It allowed the United States "the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty..."

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Open Door March, 1900: “Open Door” policy in China –No European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area Despite American claims to the contrary, other countries did not accept it Policy opened the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands US IN CHINA Did the Open Door policy work? Ignored by Great Powers Boxer Rebellion - 1900 US now entangled in China

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Outcomes of the War with Spain 400 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from disease (60,000 Spanish casualties) Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans Treaty of Paris: -Cuba “freed” -Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions -Philippines purchased for $20 million Platt Amendment Increase in American prestige abroad/ U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country Teddy Roosevelt a war hero Confirmed Republicans as majority party

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands OUTCOMES 400 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from disease (60,000 Spanish casualties) Treaty of Paris: -Cuba “freed” -Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions -Philippines purchased for $20 million Platt Amendment Increase in American prestige abroad

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 1.Which writer/thinker urged the formation of a modern steel navy and a network of island bases? 2.Which amendment pledged that the US would give Cuba its independence? 3.Who led the resistance to US rule in the Philippines? 4.What is one of the nicknames for the Roosevelt Corollary? 5.Pres. Roosevelt encouraged a revolution in Panama from what country?

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Edison films of the Spanish-American War http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sawhtml/sawsp1.html

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands SIGNS/SYMPTOMS of IMPERIALISM “Big Sister” Policy with Latin America “Near-Wars” 0f late 1880’s and 1890’s –Germany, Italy, Russia, Chile, Britain Aggressive application of Monroe Doctrine Coup de’etat in Hawaii Yellow Journalism and the Maine explosion