1. The Ottoman Empire in Decline
REVIEW
CHAPTER 32
SECTION 1

2. Prepare for Notetaking
Copy the chart for the Ottoman Empire and take notes based on this presentation
This will go fast since it is review
Notes on major developments in the period
Long term consequences
Political
Economic
Social
Military

4. Review Questions
What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?
Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.

5. Are They Still Calling It an Empire?
Decline began in 16th century
Continually fought Russians for control of Balkans, Black Sea, and surrounding areas
Russia won most conflicts (but not Crimean War)
By 19th Century, Ottoman Empire is smaller, less powerful and in danger of collapse
Greece, Egypt, and Arabia launch successful independence movements
Britain and France try to keep Ottoman Empire up (and gain influence in the region)

6. Military Decline Since 17th Century
Lagged behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training
Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined
Provincial governors gained power, private armies

7. Territorial Losses in 19th Century
Caucasus and central Asia to Russia
Western frontiers to Austria
Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia
Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798
Egyptian general Muhammad Ali built a powerful, modern army
Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province

8. Economic Decline Less trade as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic
Exported raw materials
Imported European manufactured goods
Heavily depended on foreign loans
Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882

9. Capitulations Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law
Operated tax-free, levy their own duties in Ottoman ports
Deprived empire of desperately needed income

10. Reform
Attempt to reform military led to violent Janissary revolt

11. Mahmud II When Janissaries resisted, Mahmud had them killed
Cleared the way for reforms
Built an European-style army, academies, schools, roads, and telegraph

12. Tanzimat Era ( )
Ruling class sought sweeping restructuring to strengthen state
Broad legal reforms
Modeled after Napoleon's civic code
State reform of education (1846)
Free and compulsory primary education (1869)
Undermined authority of the ulama, enhanced the state authority

13. Resistance to Reforms Religious conservatives
Legal equality for minorities resented by some
Young Ottomans wanted freedom, autonomy, decentralization
High-level bureaucrats wanted more power, checks on the sultan's power

14. Cycles of Reform and Repression
1876, coup staged by bureaucrats who demanded a constitutional government
New sultan Abd al-Hamid II ( ) - autocrat
suspended constitution, dissolved parliament, and punished liberals
Reformed army and administration: became source of the new opposition

15. The Young Turks
Called for universal suffrage, equality, freedom, secularization, women's rights
Forced Abd al-Hamid to restore constitution
Dethroned him (1909)
Nationalistic: favored Turkish dominance within empire, led to Arab resistance

16. Review Questions
What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?
Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.

17. Next Up…..
Read Section 2 on Russia and complete a chart like the one below for Russia. Put notes in your own words so you can make sure you understood it.
Notes on major developments in the period
Long term consequences
Political
Economic
Social
Military