1. Typhoid Fever Amy Kim, Jiwon Cheong, Hijo Byeun, Allison Lee

2. A bacterial infection It annually affect 21 million and kills 200,000 people worldwide

3. Causes Jiwon Cheong Caused by Bacteria. Mostly by Salmonella typhi bacteria, but also by Salmonella paeatyphi. The way you can catch this is by drinking water or eating food that is contaminated by those types of bacteria. (Spread by a human carrier.) An example of how it is spread is when a person who has the bacterium does not wash his or her hands well and then touches food that is later eaten. Flies spread the disease also.

4. How it Causes Jiwon Cheong First, the bacteria spread throughout the small intestine and then through the blood stream Carried by white blood cells The bacterium then enters organs, multiplies, and then travels to other organs using the bloodstream Every time the bacteria enters an organ, symptoms begin to appear, starting form when the bacteria enters the bloodstream

5. Bibliography Jiwon Cheong 1. "Typhoid Fever." Penn State Hershey. 26 Oct. 2008.http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/t/typhoidfever.htm 2. "Typhoid Fever." MedicineNet.com. 8 Oct. 1927.www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/article.htm 3. "Typhoid Fever (cont.)." MedicineNet.com. 27 Oct. 2008.www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/page2.htm

6. Symptoms Allison Lee The most common symptoms are headache, poor appetite, fever, lethargy, diarrhea, sore throat Children often have diarrhea and vomitting The tongue becomes dry and has white patches in the center. People get a constant fever that is usually 39~40degree celsius. Skin rashes(rose spots) occur. usually on abdomen or chest at the second week of fever later it may lead to inflammation of bones and ulceration of bowels

7. Symptoms Allison Lee Lethargy later could bring prostration. Abdominal pain and discomfort are also common symptoms. Untreatment could result in other symptoms such as weight loss, continue high fever, distended abdomen, meningitis, arthritis. Some patients may experience relapse from the typhoid fever after one or two weeks.

8. Bibliography Allison Lee 1. "Typhoid Fever / Enteric fever: Symptom, Information, causes, Treatment of Typhoid Fever." Online health care guide - Health Care Information plan for family health, womens health, mens and child healt. 27 Oct. 2008.http://www.diseasesatoz.com/typhoid-fever-symptom.htm 2. "Typhoid Fever Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Vaccine." MedicineNet.com. 27 Oct. 2008.www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/page2.htm 3. "Typhoid Fever Symptoms." Diseases Home Page. 27 Oct. 2008.http://diseases.emedtv.com/typhoid-fever/typhoid-fever-symptoms.html 4. "Typhoid fever: Symptoms." Mayo Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living - MayoClinic.com. 27 Oct. 2008.http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/typhoid- fever/DS00538/DSECTION=symptoms

9. Transmission Hijo Byeun Who assists to this transmission? People who have got the sickness, 3-5% become the carrier Where in our world? The disease will occur underdeveloped and yet developed countries such as Latin American, Asia and Africa. Where in our lives? The bacteria grow in contaminated and spoiled food and especially drinking water. Also it will be carried through animal and human’s excrements. The bacteria will last for many days and weeks in the food that includes the dried Last for weeks in water or dried wastes. The bacteria develop in the gallbladder, bile ducts and liver. It is the white blood cell in the liver, spleen and the bone marrow that the bacteria will develop and later goes into the bloodstream.

10. Transmission Hijo Byeun To Whom The disease will occur underdeveloped and yet developed countries such as Latin American, Asia and Africa. The sickness will develop sporadically in a specific location and the older and younger generations. The location of effects. The location of a body that will be visible would be cramps in muscles and abdominal pain. The signs that will appear would be in a patient’s state of consciousness also including stupor and coma.

11. Locations Amy Kim D eveloping nations Common in most of the world “except in industrialized regions such as the United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, and Japan” Asia, Africa, and Latin America have been especially at risk.

12. Bibliography Hijo Byeun 1. “Typhoid Fever Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Vaccine on MedicineNet.com.” MedicinNet.com 27.oct.2008 http://www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/page2.htm#2howdo 2. Typhoid Fever “Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.” Published by the Gale group The Essay, Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt (author) Oct.27.2008 http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp ?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/typhoid_fever.jsp 3. Typhoid Fever in Adults. “VisualDxHealth Worldwide Web” Oct.27, 2008 http://www.visualdxhealth.com/atlas/typhoidFever.htm http://www.visualdxhealth.com/atlas/typhoidFever.htm

13. Prevention Amy Kim Wash your hands hot soapy water ”before eating or preparing food and after using the toilet. “ carry hand-sanitizer to wash hands when water isn’t availableAvoid drinking untreated water drink only canned, bottled, or carbonated beverages, such as bottled water, wine, or bear try to drink mostly carbonated bottle water clean the outside of bottles and cans before you open. avoid drinking beverages with ice ”Use bottled water to brush your teeth” Avoid swallowing water while taking a shower

14. Prevention Amy Kim Avoid raw fruits and vegetables (raw produce may have been washed with unclean water) “avoid fruits and vegetables that you can’t peel, especially lettuce_ Perhaps avoiding raw food entirely is safer Choose hot foods avoid food that stored at room temperature Try to stick to steaming hot foods avoid street vendor foods as those are more likely to be contaminated In hospitals, infected people are quarantined

15. Prevention Amy Kim General Sanitization disinfection pure water pure milk proper sewage fly prevention pure food "Typhoid Fever And Its Prevention In Town and Country"Virginia Health Bulletin vol. 3, #6, June 1911

16. Treatment Amy Kim Vaccines injection of a single dose given orally over a period of days (Neither is guaranteed and require constant vaccinations) Chloramphenicol used the popular drug -stopped due to rare serious side effects

17. Treatment Amy Kim Treatment of antibiotics depend on geographical region certain versions of the Salmonella bacteria from South Amerixa are resistance to some antibiotics) removal of the gallbladder, the site of chronic infection Travel clinics injectable forms (Typherix or Typhim Vi) oral form (Vivotif) Admittance to hospital and loss of fluids and salt

18. Bibliography Amy Kim 1.“ar119689291685303.jpg (JPEG Image, 500x500 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.http://activerain.com/image_store/uploads/3/0/3/5/8/ar119689291685303.jpg 2. “Are There Any Leaks In Your Dam? - Flickr 에서 사진 공유하기 !.” 27 Oct 2008.http://www.flickr.com/photos/vcutmlsca/727207634/ 3. “BRN00030.jpg (JPEG Image, 288x216 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.https://www.epocrates.com/pillimages/BRN00030.jpg 4. “Disease Listing, Typhoid Fever, General Information | CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases.” 27 Oct 2008.http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/TyphoidFever_g.htm#Where%20in%20the%20world%20do%20you%20get%20typ hoid%20fever 5. “dirty-water.jpg (JPEG Image, 400x300 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.http://holamun2.com/files/images/attachments/2007/08/dirty- water.jpg 6. “Rose+spots+in+typhoid+fever.jpg (JPEG Image, 390x253 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.http://lh3.ggpht.com/_TI33FeLVrRM/R7mr9V4Ux1I/AAAAAAAAAGA/UMRnFGigAfc/Rose+spots+in+typhoid+fever.jpg 7. “tetanusvaccine-717442.jpg (JPEG Image, 300x180 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.http://www.healthline.com/blogs/outdoor_health/uploaded_images/tetanusvaccine-717442.jpg 8. “Typhoid Fever Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Vaccine on MedicineNet.com.” 27 Oct 2008.http://www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/page3.htm 9. “typhoid_feverI.gif (GIF Image, 328x232 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.http://www.spmsd.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/1/typhoid_feverI.gif 10. “Typhoid fever: Prevention - MayoClinic.com.” 26 Oct 2008.http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/typhoid- fever/DS00538/DSECTION=prevention 11. “060224_vaccine_300.jpg (JPEG Image, 300x286 pixels).” 27 Oct 2008.http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Press/gfx/060224_vaccine_300.jpg