1. Chapter 14 Part 2

2. Background to the continuation of the Hapsburg-Valois Wars in the Holy Roman Empire 1531 The League of Schmalkalden: formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany 1531 The League of Schmalkalden: formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany France (Francis I) allied with the Protestants against Charles V ( in spite of France being Catholic) France (Francis I) allied with the Protestants against Charles V ( in spite of France being Catholic)

3. French Foreign Policy Keep Germany divided Keep Germany divided Clearly, the religious question: a religiously homogenous Western Europe took a back seat to political concerns for France Clearly, the religious question: a religiously homogenous Western Europe took a back seat to political concerns for France NOTE: France was surrounded by Hapsburgs in Spain and in the HRE. NOTE: France was surrounded by Hapsburgs in Spain and in the HRE.

4. The Hapsburg-Valois Wars continued 1521-1555: a series of wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois 1521-1555: a series of wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois In Italy 1521-1527 In Italy 1521-1527 In the HRE continued to 1555 In the HRE continued to 1555 BY 1547 Charles V’s armies had defeated the Protestants in the HRE BUT by this time, Lutheranism had taken hold in much of central Europe BY 1547 Charles V’s armies had defeated the Protestants in the HRE BUT by this time, Lutheranism had taken hold in much of central Europe

5. The Peace of Augsburg 1555 Charles V gave up. Charles V gave up. Cuius regio, eius religio: Whose the region, his the religion Cuius regio, eius religio: Whose the region, his the religion The German princes could choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism within their individual sovereign principalities The German princes could choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism within their individual sovereign principalities The Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Catholic states and vice- versa The Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Catholic states and vice- versa

6. 1559 The Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis Italy: Hapsburg control either directly or indirectly except for Venice Italy: Hapsburg control either directly or indirectly except for Venice Germany: The Peace of Augsburg Germany: The Peace of Augsburg Sealed with the marriage of Elizabeth of Valois to Philip II of Spain Sealed with the marriage of Elizabeth of Valois to Philip II of Spain

8. Charles V Retired to a monastery prior to the treaty Retired to a monastery prior to the treaty Spain and its overseas empire was inherited by his son, Philip II Spain and its overseas empire was inherited by his son, Philip II The HRE was inherited by his brother, Ferdinand I The HRE was inherited by his brother, Ferdinand I

10. Results in the HRE The permanent religious division of Germany The permanent religious division of Germany Will serve to prevent German unification Will serve to prevent German unification Successful French foreign policy Successful French foreign policy ALSO: weakened the position of the HRE in Germany ALSO: weakened the position of the HRE in Germany

11. Other Protestants The Anabaptists 1525: The Anabaptists 1525: Association of believers with no connection to any state Association of believers with no connection to any state Rejected secular agreements: Rejected secular agreements: Would not take civil oaths Would not take civil oaths Would not pay taxes Would not pay taxes Would not serve in the military Would not serve in the military Would not hold public office Would not hold public office

12. The Anabaptists Rejected infant baptism Rejected infant baptism Rejected the idea of the Holy Trinity Rejected the idea of the Holy Trinity Were Millenarians Were Millenarians Far to the left in Protestantism Far to the left in Protestantism

13. 1532 John Leyden and Anabaptist radicals took control of Munster Polygamist: 16 wives Polygamist: 16 wives Women were also leaders of the movement Women were also leaders of the movement All books except for the Bible were burned All books except for the Bible were burned Killed some Catholics and Lutherans Killed some Catholics and Lutherans

14. 1534 Tragedy at Munster Protestant and Catholic princes combined their armies and took the city Protestant and Catholic princes combined their armies and took the city Anabaptist leaders were executed Anabaptist leaders were executed Anabaptists adopted pacifism at this point Anabaptists adopted pacifism at this point

15. Legacy of the Anabaptists Mennonites founded by Menno Simmons (Dutch) Emphasized pacifism Mennonites founded by Menno Simmons (Dutch) Emphasized pacifism Quakers Margaret Fell & James Fox (England) had beliefs similar to the Anabaptists. Many fled to America (Penn., NJ, Delaware) Quakers Margaret Fell & James Fox (England) had beliefs similar to the Anabaptists. Many fled to America (Penn., NJ, Delaware) Unitarians rejected the trinity Unitarians rejected the trinity

16. Luther Did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism (Lutheranism) Did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism (Lutheranism)

17. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 (Swiss) Humanist preacher who used Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek Testament Humanist preacher who used Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek Testament Believed (like Luther) that the Bible was the sole authority Believed (like Luther) that the Bible was the sole authority BUT (unlike Luther) believed that the Eucharist was symbolic (believed Luther too similar to the Catholic belief of Transubstantiation BUT (unlike Luther) believed that the Eucharist was symbolic (believed Luther too similar to the Catholic belief of Transubstantiation Luther supported Consubstantiation: at the blessing of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ was evoked Luther supported Consubstantiation: at the blessing of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ was evoked

18. 1529 Colloquy of Marburg Zwingli officially split with Luther on the issue of the Eucharist Zwingli officially split with Luther on the issue of the Eucharist The Augsburg Confession (Melanchthon) Lutherans officially excluded non-Lutheran reformers The Augsburg Confession (Melanchthon) Lutherans officially excluded non-Lutheran reformers

19. Calvinism: (John Calvin 1509-64) French: had studied to be a priest and later was trained as a lawyer French: had studied to be a priest and later was trained as a lawyer Was influenced by Erasmus Was influenced by Erasmus Was a Humanist Was a Humanist Was exiled to Switzerland due to his ideas Was exiled to Switzerland due to his ideas Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion

20. Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination: since God is all-knowing, He knows if you are saved even before you are born Predestination: since God is all-knowing, He knows if you are saved even before you are born Salvation ONLY through the Grace of God Salvation ONLY through the Grace of God Good works are not enough…there is NO FREE WILL Good works are not enough…there is NO FREE WILL BUT good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation BUT good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation The “Elect” will know if they are saved through a conversion experience The “Elect” will know if they are saved through a conversion experience

21. 1540 Calvin established a Theocracy in Geneva Protestant exiles from England, Scotland and France came to learn and return home with new ideas Protestant exiles from England, Scotland and France came to learn and return home with new ideas Calvin (like Zwingli) believed that the state should enforce Christian behavior (Theocracy) Calvin (like Zwingli) believed that the state should enforce Christian behavior (Theocracy) Only those who were committed to Calvinism were allowed to live in Geneva Only those who were committed to Calvinism were allowed to live in Geneva

22. Calvinism: militant and uncompromising Presbyters: a judiciary of lay elders empowered to impose harsh penalties on those who did not follow God’s law Presbyters: a judiciary of lay elders empowered to impose harsh penalties on those who did not follow God’s law Michael Servetus A Spanish Unitarian humanist was burned at the stake because he denied the Trinity (1533) Michael Servetus A Spanish Unitarian humanist was burned at the stake because he denied the Trinity (1533)

23. Protestant Work Ethic Calvinists emphasized the importance of hard work and financial success (was a sign that God was pleased so …one was probably a member of the Elect) Calvinists emphasized the importance of hard work and financial success (was a sign that God was pleased so …one was probably a member of the Elect)

24. The Spread of Calvinism Much bigger impact than Lutheranism Much bigger impact than Lutheranism Huguenots in France Huguenots in France Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands Presbyterianism in Scotland Presbyterianism in Scotland Puritans in England Puritans in England

25. Presbyterianism in Scotland Established by John Knox (1505-1572) Established by John Knox (1505-1572) Presbyters governed the Church Presbyters governed the Church Quickly became dominant in Scotland to the detriment of Mary Queen of Scots (later) Quickly became dominant in Scotland to the detriment of Mary Queen of Scots (later)

26. Huguenots in France Converts from every social class Converts from every social class BUT especially popular among the nobility BUT especially popular among the nobility Remember: the biggest threat to the New Monarchs was the nobility ( who were constantly trying to wrest political control from the crown. The French King and official state religion was Catholic) Remember: the biggest threat to the New Monarchs was the nobility ( who were constantly trying to wrest political control from the crown. The French King and official state religion was Catholic)

27. The Dutch Reformed Church in the United Provinces of the Netherlands Set the stage for the revolt of the Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II of Spain Set the stage for the revolt of the Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II of Spain The Netherlands will fight for and declare their independence from Spain in 1581 (though will not be formally recognized by other European powers until 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia following the Thirty Years’ War) The Netherlands will fight for and declare their independence from Spain in 1581 (though will not be formally recognized by other European powers until 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia following the Thirty Years’ War)

28. The Puritans in England Initially, Henry VIII established the Church of England so that he could grant himself a divorce Initially, Henry VIII established the Church of England so that he could grant himself a divorce Puritans were disappointed that there was no real effort to “purify” the Church under Henry VIII Puritans were disappointed that there was no real effort to “purify” the Church under Henry VIII When Edward took the throne, the Puritans had much influence and had adopted Calvinism When Edward took the throne, the Puritans had much influence and had adopted Calvinism On Edward’s death, Mary persecuted Protestants On Edward’s death, Mary persecuted Protestants Under Elizabeth, was called the Anglican Church and most persecution stopped (Elizabethan Settlement) Under Elizabeth, was called the Anglican Church and most persecution stopped (Elizabethan Settlement)

29. The Puritans in England Under James I and Charles I (the Stewarts) Puritans were persecuted again and fled to Massachusetts Under James I and Charles I (the Stewarts) Puritans were persecuted again and fled to Massachusetts

30. Go to 14-3 The English Reformation