1. You think it’s good? Well, you’re wrong. MEMORY

2.  DEF: forming a memory code  Requires attention: focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events  Attention is selective; acts as a filter ENCODING

3.  Craik and Lockhart (1972) propose incoming info can be processed at different levels  3 levels for verbal info.:  1: Structural encoding: shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus LEVELS OF PROCESSING

4.  Phonemic encoding: emphasizes what a word sounds like  Semantic encoding: emphasizes meaning of verbal input; thinking about the objects and actions the word represents  Levels of Processing Theory: deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes LEVELS OF PROCESSING CONTINUED

5.  Elaboration: linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding  Helps enhance semantic encoding  Involves thinking of examples to illustrate the idea ENRICHING ENCODING

6.  Creating visual images to represent words to be remembered  Allan Paivio: easier to form images for concrete words  Dual-coding theory: holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall VISUAL IMAGERY

7.  DEF: deciding how or whether info is personally relevant  It is easier to remember something if it is meaningful to you SELF-REFERENT ENCODING

8. Storage is maintaining info in memory over time STORAGE: MAINTAINING INFORMATION IN MEMORY

9.  DEF: preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second  Gives additional time to recognize stimulus  Visual and auditory memory trace decays after ¼ of a second SENSORY MEMORY

10.  STM is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to 20 seconds  Rehearsal: process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the info SHORT-TERM MEMORY

11.  Ability to recall decays considerably after only 15 seconds  This is due to time-related decay and interference from competing stimuli DURABILITY OF STORAGE

12.  1956: George Miller publishes “Magical Number 7” paper  Claims you can store 7 items (+ or – 2) in STM  You can increase capacity by Chunking: grouping familiar stimuli and storing as a single unit CAPACITY OF STORAGE

13.  Alan Baddeley: “Working memory” consists of 3 parts:  1: Phonological rehearsal loop (ex: reciting a phone #)—only 2 seconds of info  2: Visuospatial sketchpad: allows to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images  3: Executive control system: handles info as you engage in reasoning and decision making STM AS “WORKING MEMORY”

14.  DEF: an unlimited (virtually) capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time LONG-TERM MEMORY

15.  Flash-bulb memories: unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events  Hypnosis induced memories  ESB triggering long-lost memories LONG-TERM MEMORY PERMANENT?

16.  Dominant thought today is that STM is a tiny and constantly changing portion of LTM STM AND LTM SEPARATE

17. HOW IS KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTED AND ORGANIZED IN MEMORY?

18.  Clustering: tendency to remember similar or related items in a group  Conceptual hierarchy: multilevel classification system based on common properties among items CLUSTERING AND CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHIES

19.  Schema: an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event SCHEMAS

20.  Script: organizes what people know about common activities  A kind of schema SCRIPTS

21.  DEF: consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts  Spreading activation: naturally thinking of related words SEMANTIC NETWORKS

22.  PDP models assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks  PDP models assert that specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS AND PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING (PDP)

23. RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION OUT OF MEMORY

24.  DEF: temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it’s just out of reach  Similar memories are interfering TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON

25.  Context cues facilitate the retrieval of info.  Remembering the origin of the thought REINSTATING THE CONTEXT OF AN EVENT

26.  Distortions in recall occur b/c subjects reconstruct a story to fit w/ their established schemas  Theories: overwriting, interference, and… RECONSTRUCTING MEMORIES AND MISINFORMATION EFFECT

27.  Def: process of making attributions about the original memories  Source-monitoring error: when a memory derived from a source is misattributed to another source  Reality monitoring: process of deciding whether memories are based on external or internal sources SOURCE-MONITORING