1. Memory The Multi-Store Model

2. The Three Processes of Memory Encoding Taking information / stimulus from environment and programming it into our brains. Stimulus is usually visual (iconic), but it can be sound (acoustic) and smells etc. It can then be programmed or ‘encoded’ into our brains as iconic or acoustic encoding Storage Retrieval Once information is encoded it has to be stored until it is required at a later time.The length of time the information is stored is the store’s DURATION and how much information can be stored is its CAPACITY Recalling by using ‘cues’ to remember items you have stored. People may do this differently. (what has to happen in order for a memory to be formed and remembered)

3. Activity 2 Who has the best attention? Watch the video clip carefully and count the number of times the white team bounces or catches the ball.

5. Multi-Store Memory Model Environment Sensory Stimuli Sensory Memory Long Term Memory Attention Short Term Memory If not attended to information is lost Retrieval Rehearsal Loss via displacement or decay if not rehearsed Coding By Atkinson & Shiffrin

6. DETAIL: Sensory Memory Store: Temporary storage of information stimulus taken in…. Visual encoding (iconic) Auditory encoding (acoustic) Probably others as well (smell – chemical) – Capacity: Very large –Duration: Very short about 250 ms. for iconic (visual) 1-2 sec. for acoustic (sound) Forgetting: Information can be lost (storage failure) because of lack or diversion of attention remember the gorilla experiment!

7. Detail: Short Term Memory (STM) Capacity: Small: 7 plus or minus 2 units or ‘chunks’ (Miller, 1956) Chunk: a meaningful unit Examples: A group of letters (FBI) A group of words (Four score and seven years ago) Let us recreate Miller’s experiments now. Duration: Short:20-30 seconds without rehearsal (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) Encoding: mainly acoustic (by sound) Forgetting due to displacement and trace decay. (storage failure)

8. Bread Displacement in STM Bread STM 7 slots ( For 7 units or ‘chunks of information) Lost from STM Milk Bread Flour Milk Bread Apples Flour Milk Bread Syrup Apples Flour Milk Bread Peas Syrup Apples Flour Milk Bread Eggs Peas Syrup Apples Flour Milk Bread Cheese Eggs Peas Syrup Apples Flour Milk

9. Detail: Long Term Memory (LTM ) Capacity: Potentially Infinite Duration: A lifetime (decades) Encoding: Organized by meaning (semantic) Forgetting: cue dependant retrieval failure and interference unlikely to be much decay Procedural Memory: habits and motor skills, conditioned or practiced Declarative Memory: Memory for semantic knowledge (facts) and personal experiences (episodic)

10. Evidence for the MSM Remember the following words: TIME PEAK SLOW PENS LONG AGES THAN VAST HEAT RAIN MORE SOME TUNE RARE WITH BEAR THIS TIES HEAR LIFE

11. Count how many you recalled: TIME PEAK SLOW PENS LONG AGES THAN VAST HEAT RAIN MORE SOME TUNE RARE WITH BEAR THIS TIES HEAR LIFE 73 71 45 71 67 62 45 34 46 48 34 45 41 48 42 67 53 34 45 78

12. Primacy-Recency or Serial-position effect

13. Primacy Effect First items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle

14. Recency Effect The last items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle, if tested immediately This primary-recency or serial position effect is evidence for the MSM model.

15. Brain Damage Patient Studies H.M. & C.W Further supporting evidence for MSM model H.M. became unable to form new memories after surgical removal of the hippocampus (so no STM) Still able to acquire procedural information (he learned a mirror writing skill. Can you explain this?) He was still able to access his original long term memories but not able to form new ones. This is evidence for the multi-store model in that it shows LTM and STM storage areas are in different locations.

16. Summary of Multi Store Memory Model Components

17. EVALUATION: Evidence In support of MSM Primacy and recency effects. First items are recalled from LTM, having been rehearsed, and last items are still being held in STM. Baddeley’s research into acoustic and semantic coding shows that STM & LTM are separate. Case studies, e.g. HM (p79) shows that STM & LTM are separate Problems and limitations Rehearsal does not always lead to storage. Storage occurs without rehearsal! If coding in the STM is predominantly acoustic, how do we understand language? Initial oversimplification of LTM store Some types of information are not amenable to rehearsal, e.g. smells.

18. Multi-Store Memory Model Activity (In Pairs or threes) Read through & Discuss the handouts: Then in your groups complete a poster detailing the Multi Store Model: The title should be “Memory ~ The Multi Store Model (Evidence and Evaluation)” Outline the model and evidence in support of the model. Then evaluate the model fully listing all the positive and negative criticisms you can find. At the end of the lesson the class will vote on the poster with the fullest explanation and evaluation of the model, and the best presented poster. Students will have to explain and present their posters to the class, and justify why their poster deserves to be displayed.