1. Appendicular Skeleton
The Upper Limbs

2. The Upper Limbs – Shoulder Girdle
Shoulder Girdle (aka Pectoral Girdle) contains two bones: clavicle and scapula
Clavicle makes up the collarbone
Attaches to manubrium medially (sternal end) at the sternoclavicular joint
Attaches to scapula laterally (acromial end) at acromioclavicular joint
Serves to push arm back from thoracic cage and helps prevent shoulder dislocation

3. The Upper Limbs – Shoulder Girdle
Anterior View
Superior View

4. The Upper Limbs – Shoulder Girdle
The Scapulae are the shoulder blades
Attached to clavicles, but held loosely in place by muscles
Triangular shape with three sides (Superior border, Medial border, and Lateral border) and three angles (Superior angle, Lateral angle, and Inferior angle)
Suprascapular notch on superior border allows nerves to pass over scapula
Spine is ridge on top half of posterior side of scapula
Lateral end of spine is Acromion process
Coracoid process is inferior and anterior to acromion
Acromion and coracoid processes make the superior border of the Glenoid cavity (the socket for the arm)

5. The Upper Limbs – Shoulder Girdle
Anterior View
Posterior View

6. The Upper Limbs – Arm The arm consists of one long bone—the Humerus
The rounded Head of the humerus fits in the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Lateral to the head are the Greater and Lesser tubercles, which serve as sites of muscle attachment
Partway down the bone is the Deltoid tuberosity for the deltoid (shoulder) muscle to attach
The Radial groove, which goes by the deltoid tuberosity, marks the path of the radial nerve
The distal end includes the Trochlea and Capitulum that articulate with the bones of the forearm
The Coronoid and Olecranon fossae are depressions that allow the forearm bone Ulna to move when bending and extending the elbow

7. The Upper Limbs – Arm Anterior View – Right Arm
Posterior View – Right Arm

8. The Upper Limbs – Forearm
The Forearm includes two bones--the Radius and the Ulna
The Forearm bones articulate at both ends by radioulnar joints
The bones are connected by interosseous membrane
The radius is the lateral bone in the anatomical position (same side as thumb)
The flattened head forms a joint with the capitulum of the humerus
Below the head, on the anterior side is the Radial tuberosity where the bicep muscle attaches

9. The Upper Limbs – Forearm
The ulna is the medial bone in the anatomical position
On the proximal end are the Olecranon and Coronoid processes which articulate with the fossae of the humerus
In between the processes is the Trochlear notch that glides along the trochlea of the humerus

10. The Upper Limbs – Forearm
Anterior View – Right Arm
Posterior View – Right Arm

11. The Upper Limbs – Forearm
Posterior View – Right Arm
Anterior View – Right Arm

12. The Upper Limbs – Hand
The hand consists of the Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
The carpals make up the wrist
The wrist, or carpus, is made of 8 short bones that are lined up in 2 irregular rows
The carpal bones are bound tightly by ligaments that allow minimal movement
The 5 metacarpal bones make up the palm
The phalanges are the finger bones
14 bones total
Bones are labeled Proximal, Middle, and Distal for each finger (thumb only has proximal and distal as there are only two bones)

13. The Upper Limbs – Hand