1. Causes and Effects of World War II CAUSES:  World War I: The Global Great Depression (Europe and US weak)  Rise of Fascism in Germany and Italy: Hitler rebuilds German army 1933, Italy invaded Albania 1939 (Britain and France sign non-aggression pact with Greece, Turkey, Romania and Poland)  Defeat of Democracy in Spain: Hitler and Mussolini supported General Francisco Franco’s “nationalists” in Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 JAPAN  Japan invaded China 1937: League of Nations does nothing  Rape of Nanjing 1937  Japanese bomb urban center  400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred  7,000 women raped  1/3 of all homes destroyed Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940) Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941) AXIS (Germany, Italy, Japan) vs. ALLIES (GB, USA) Russia?

2. Hitler invaded the Rhineland 1935: League of Nations does nothing Hitler formed alliance with Japan 1937 Hitler annexed Austria 1938 Munich Conference 1938: Neville Chamberlain gave Hitler the Sudetenland in exchange for promise to end expansion (APPEASEMENT) Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia 1939 Germans signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in August 1939 September 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland September 3, 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany

4. Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937) 349 x 776 cm

5. Blitzkreig Lend Lease Battle of Britain Pearl Harbor Operation Barbarossa D-Day “Lebenstraum” “Island Hopping” US “Cash and Carry”

6. Postwar Settlements and Decisions  Yalta: February 4-11, 1945 (Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill)  Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan and to collaborate in establishment of the United Nations  major war criminals would be tried in international court  How to deal with postwar geography?  All agreed to free elections in liberated countries  VE Day: May 8, 1945  Potsdam: July 16- August 2, 1945 (Truman, Stalin, Churchill)  issues: immediate Allied control of Germany, occupation of Austria, boundaries of Poland  tensions grow between US and Russia  VJ Day: August 15, 1945  Surrender ceremony: September 2, 1945 Emperor Hirohito surrenders unconditionally= SCHISM

7. Division of Germany Because of tension between Soviets and Allies, NO peace treaty was signed with Germany COLD WAR Marshall Plan? Only accepted by Western Europe War Tribunals? Nuremberg Trials

8. Effects: Beginning of the Cold War By late 1940s = divided Germany = Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” (1946) West = capitalist nations of Western Europe East = Soviet control (including Poland) Truman Doctrine 1947 = CONTAINMENT Approximately 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews, in occupied Europe, perished in the Holocaust, compared to the non Jewish victims of the Nazis which are estimated between 5 to 11 million ( 1.4% to 3.0%) of the 360 million persons in German dominated Europe The Holocaust Revealed

9. Casualties The total estimated human loss =roughly 72 million people. The civilian toll = 47 million, including 20 million deaths due to war related famine and disease. The military toll = 25 million, including the deaths of about 4 million prisoners of war in captivity. The Allies lost approx 61 million people, and the Axis powers lost 11 million.

10. Dark green: Allied Powers pre Pearl Harbor Light green: Allied Powers post Pearl Harbor Orange: Axis Powers Post WW II Independence Movements and Decolonization

11. NATO and the Warsaw Pact = Militarization of the Cold War Establishment of United Nations 1946: 50 original members, 5 permanent Security Council members (China, France, GB, US, Soviet Union) = Post War Migrations