1. Why did the Puritans want to leave England? religious persecution

2. What religious movement was focused on getting an emotional response from its audience? Great Awakening

3. Why did the British begin taxing the colonists in 1763? pay for the French & Indian (7 yrs.) War

4. Who did the southern colonies rely upon for their labor force? slaves from Africa

5. Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson

6. Which enlightenment thinker pushed for a three branch government? Montesquieu

7. Which enlightenment thinker was an advocate for the protection of “natural rights” (life, liberty, property)? Where did they believe these rights came from? Locke, GOD

8. **Which enlightenment thinker pushed government by the general will? Rousseau

9. **What famous pamphlet in 1776 called for Americans to reject monarchy & support independence? Who was its author? Common Sense, Thomas Paine

10. What document set up our nation’s first government but ended up giving too much power to the states? Articles of Confederation

11. **Name two weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. no power to tax, no power to coin money, no executive branch, weak central government

12. What were the two main purposes of the Declaration of Independence? Establish ideology behind revolution and list grievances vs. King George

13. How many houses are their in our Congress? What are their names? 2, the Senate and the House of Representatives

14. **What were the two major compromises made during the drafting of the United States Constitution? Great Compromise (large states: House, small states: Senate), 3/5 Compromise (5 slaves count for 3 men)

15. What part of the government did the Federalists want strengthened in the new constitution? the national (Federal) government, get it…Federalists

16. What group pushed hard for the inclusion of the Bill of Rights? Anti-Federalists

17. What freedoms are guaranteed by the First Amendment? Speech, religion, press, assembly, petition

18. Who has the power to declare laws/acts unconstitutional (aka the power of Judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison)? Judicial Branch/Supreme Court

19. What was Hamilton’s (the Federalist) vision for America? A country based on manufacturing and a strong central government

20. What was Jefferson’s (the Democratic Republican) vision of America? Agricultural society, everybody owns land, strong state’s rights

21. What was the Monroe Doctrine (issued in 1823)? don’t mess around in our hemisphere & we’ll stay out of yours (to Europe)

22. What is “Manifest Destiny”? The belief that the U.S. would someday control the land from coast to coast.

23. **What change in voting requirements allowed the “common man” to support Andrew Jackson and the new Democratic Party in 1828? End to the property requirement for voting

24. How were the industries of westward expansion in conflict with the lifestyle of the Plains NAs? settled (mining & farming) vs. nomadic

25. Why did Mormons move west to the Utah territory? To escape religious persecution

26. What was Lincoln’s main purpose at the start of the fighting in the Civil War? preserving the Union

27. What happened to the Southern industrial and agricultural production facilities during the war? They were almost totally wiped out

28. What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation? Free the slaves in rebel states

29. **In what speech did Lincoln call for a “new birth of freedom” and identify the new goals of the war? Gettysburg Address

30. What did the Civil War Amendments (13, 14, 15) do? Made slavery illegal (13), extends civil rights to all races (14), voting rights for all males (15)

31. Name 2 things that kept freedmen from gaining true equality. sharecropping, KKK, black codes, racist attitudes, poverty

32. Name 2 ways Southern states kept freedmen from voting. poll taxes, literacy tests, threats & violence

33. What was the major demographic shift after the Civil War? urbanization (shift from country to city)

34. What inventions helped fuel the growth of cities? telephone, electric light, use of steel in construction, electric street car

35. **Give 3 examples of poor working and living conditions in the new industrial cities. heat/cold, unsafe machines, long hours, low wages, overcrowding, crime and disease

36. Describe 2 ways that districts or neighborhoods developed in these new cities? by industry, wealth, racial or ethnic group

37. What religious movement of the late 1800’s created a desire by Christians to save their souls by reforming society and by helping the less fortunate? The Second Great Awakening

38. What was the goal of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1846? Women’s rights including suffrage (the right to vote)

39. What famous book (and author) exposed the horrors of these conditions, especially in Chicago’s meat packing industry? The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

40. How did workers eventually respond to these poor conditions? formed unions

41. What was the first national labor organization? Who did they try and organize? Knights of Labor, all workers

42. **What type of worker did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) try to organize? Who was their first leader? skilled white male workers, Samuel Gompers

43. What is laissez faire economics? a system with little or no government control or interference with business/trade

44. Why were new immigrants subjected to so much discrimination? different languages, religions (Roman Catholic, Jewish), complexions, cultural differences

45. How did the Americanization Movement attempt to help immigrants succeed? education in the “American” way of life, including public schools, Protestant religion, hygiene, English language

46. What did political machines offer to immigrants in order to get their votes? help with housing, finding a job, etc.

47. Identify two problems political machines caused for their constituents. corruption, voting fraud, bribery, graft

48. What do you call a group of corporations controlled by the same board for common interest? trust

49. What type of government economic policy did the business leaders of the late 1800’s want? Laissez-Faire

50. What theory favored by William Graham Sumner used ideas about evolution to explain differences between the rich and the poor? Social Darwinism

51. What theory used biblical ideas to justify gaining wealth (as long as it was shared to help society)? The Social Gospel

52. What development in transportation linked trade between cities after the Civil War? Railroads

53. What kind of person was likely to be a populist? Where were they likely to live? farmer, Midwest

54. Name 2 demands of the populists. silver-backed currency, higher crop prices, a nat’l bank to give fair loans, regulation of the RRs