1. US Diplomatic Decisions – 1919 to 1941 Analyze the potential consequences of these decisions in light of international events during this period in history: ► Nov 1919: US Senate rejected Versailles Treaty ► “Return to Normalcy”: 1920-1932 – US ISOLATIONISM ► “RED SCARE” – 1919 and 1920 – Fear of communists in America ► Immigration Restrictions (1921 and 1924)  Quotas on immigrants from certain nations ► Washington Naval Conferences (1920-1922)  4, 5 and 9 Power Pacts ► The Dawes Plan (1924) – US “bailout” for Germany ► Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928 –  international agreement not to use war as in instrument of foreign policy; this would “guarantee” world peace ► Hawley-Smoot Tariff – 1930:  high tariff hurt international trade; made depression worse ► 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria1931  Stimson Doctrine: ► US would not recognize a nation’s acquisition of land by use of force ► 1932: Lausanne Conference:  Because of global depression, this suspended loan repayments and reparations

2. After Hitler’s Rise to Power US Foreign Policy Responses After Hitler’s Rise to Power ► 1933: Good Neighbor Policy (Herbert Hoover’s idea…)  To improve relations damaged by “big stick policy” in Latin America ► 1933: Diplomatic recognition of the USSR  Diplomatic relations between the US and USSR begin for the first time. A reaction to rising Fascist nations in Europe. ► 1934: Tydings-McDuffie Act  Philippines promised their independence by 1946. ► 1934: Reciprocal Trade Act  Reduced the US tariff if its international trading partners did the same. ► 1934-5: The Nye Commission  Government committee that concluded US involvement in WW 1 was caused by “war profiteers” (“Merchants of Death”) who traded with belligerents between 1914 and 1917. ► US would not make the same mistake twice…

3. US Diplomatic Responses to Global Aggression: 1935-1939 ► ► 1935: Italian invasion of Ethiopia:   Nye Report is issued, 1 st NEUTRALITY ACT (arms embargo on belligerents) ► ► 1936: Germany retakes the Rhineland, and Spanish Civil War begins:   2 nd NEUTRALITY ACT (added: no loans to belligerents) ► ► 1937: Japanese invasion of China and “Panay Incident”:   3 rd NEUTRALITY ACT (added: no trade without “cash and carry”)   QUARANTINE speech : FDR told of a “disease” that had to be quarantined; the disease was “FASCISM”. ► ► 1938: Austrian “Anschluss”, Rome-Berlin Axis, Anti-Comintern Pact, the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia: NO DIPLOMATIC MOVES BY US ► ► 1939: September 1: Germany invaded Poland and the USSR occupied Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland AND it’s “part” of Eastern Poland:   “America First Committee”: strong isolationist “pressure” group   4 th NEUTRALITY ACT (lifted arms embargo on cash and carry basis)

4. June 1940 to June 1941: The War and US ‘Neutrality’ Continue... ► ► Selective Service Act (September)   peace-time military draft; preparing to raise an army “just in case” ► ► Destroyers for Bases (September)   GB got US naval destroyers, US got use of British naval bases around the world ► ► Lend-Lease Act (December)   US supplied nations fighting fascism (included USSR)-US became the “arsenal of democracy” ► ► The Four Freedoms Speech (January ‘41)   Freedom of speech/expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear. ► ► ABC-1 Talks (January-March ‘41)   Secret meetings between FDR and British PM Winston Churchill. Defeating Germany was the priority if the war became “two theater” war. (“Europe first” or “Get Hitler First” strategy) ► ► The ATLANTIC CHARTER (July 1941) ► ► No territorial gains were to be sought by USA or Britain. ► ► Pledge to liberate AXIS-occupied lands; ► ► “Territorial adjustments must be in accordance with the wishes of the peoples concerned”; ► ► Trade barriers were to be lowered; ► ► Promote global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare; ► ► Freedom from want and fear; ► ► Freedom of the seas; ► ► Disarmament of aggressor nations; postwar common disarmament.