1. Earth is full of microscopic invaders that can wage war in your body. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms; viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, or parasites. - How do you battle against such invaders?

2. Immune System There are 3 lines of defense. 1 st line of defense (non-specific) 2 nd line of defense (non-specific) 3 rd line of defense (specific) There are two types of defense mechanisms Non-specific Fights against any pathogens Specific Fights against specific Pathogens and invaders Pathogens cause disease and spread through from one person to the next by coughing, sneezing, bodily fluids, physical contact, contaminated food, or water. How do you defeat them every day?

3. Non-specific immune response 1 st line of defense against any invaders call pathogens (1.) skin (2.) tears (3.) other secretions

4. Non-specific immune response 2 nd line of defense against any invaders call pathogens (1.) inflammatory response (2.) interferons (3.) fever

5. Non-specific immune response Inflammatory response - causes infected areas to become red and painful, or inflamed. - the response begins when pathogens simulate cells called mast cells to release chemicals known as histamines

7. Non-specific immune response Interferons - when viruses infect body cells, certain host cells produce proteins that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins - they “interfere” with viral growth; slow down the production of new viruses

8. Interferons

9. Non-specific immune response Fever - immune system releases chemicals that increase body temperature - increased body temperature may slow down or stop the growth of some pathogens / also speeds up several parts of the immune response.

10. Specific immune response 3 rd line of defense - The immune system’s specific immune defenses distinguish between “self” and “other,” and they inactivate or kill any foreign substance or cell that enters the body

11. Specific immune response Recognizing “Self” - A healthy immune system recognizes all cells and proteins that belong in the body, and treats these as “self” - They have the ability to recognize when something is foreign or “other”

12. Specific immune response Recognizing “Others” or “Non-self” - After encountering a specific invader, the immune system can “remember it” in order to response more rapidly with future encounters (immune response) - How does the immune system recognize “others”? What triggers the immune system? **Antigens**

13. Specific immune response Antigens - Specific immune system is triggered by molecules called antigens (foreign substance). - located on the outer surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and parasites - the immune system responds by increasing the # of cells that attack the invaders directly or that produce proteins called antibodies.

14. Specific immune response Antibodies - main role is to tag antigens for destruction - the body makes up to 10 billion different antibodies - the shape of antibody allows it to bind with a specific antigen

15. Specific immune response Lymphocytes - working cells in the body (1.) B cells – discover antigens in body fluid (2.) T cells – discovers antigens through an infected body cells or immune cells - Both recognize a specific antigen

16. How do the B cells and T cells respond? 2 main styles of action (1.) Humoral immunity – depends on antibodies circulating through the blood and lymph / B cells bind to the antigen (2.) Cell-Mediated immunity – depends on the action of macrophages and several types of T cells / T cells bind to macrophages

18. Acquired Immunity Vaccinations – The infection of a weakened form of a pathogen – Vaccinations stimulate the immune system with an antigen. The immune system produces memory B cells and memory T cells that quicken and strengthen the body’s response to repeated infection. (active immunity) – Antibodies that are received from other individuals that produce temporary immunity. (passive immunity) i.e. child in womb / breastmilk

19. Medications Antibiotics – Can kill bacteria, and some antiviral medications can slow down viral activity – Have no effect on viruses, but antiviral antibiotics inhibit the ability for the virus to multiply