1. Chapter 35: Immune System & Disease
Ms. Luaces
Honors Biology

2. Pathogens

3. 35.1 Infectious Disease
Pasteur & Koch came up with the germ theory of disease: infectious diseases occur when microorganisms cause physiological changes that disrupt normal body function
Can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and parasites
Except for parasites, all others known as pathogens

4. 35.1 Infectious Disease Koch’s Postulates:
1. Pathogen must always be found in sick body but not healthy body
2. Pathogen can be isolated & grown in lab
3. If pathogen infects healthy host, should produce sickness
4. Pathogen can be isolated from new host & looks identical

5. 35.1 Infectious Disease
What’s the different between a symbiont and pathogen?
Symbionts are either harmless or beneficial
Pathogens destroy host cells, release poisons, block blood flow, and take up hosts nutrients

6. 35.1 Infectious Disease
Diseases spread through coughing, sneezing, physical contact, exchange of body fluids, contaminated water/food/animals

7. 35.1 Infectious Disease
Natural selection favors pathogens with adaptations that help them spread from host to host
Coughing, sneezing, body-to-body contact, sexual activity, drug usage, poor sanitation
Best way to avoid infection is to constantly wash your hands!

8. 35.1 Infectious Disease
Those pathogens that thrive in both human and animal hosts are known as zoonosis
West Nile virus, Mad cow disease, Lyme disease, Ebola
Carriers of the disease who don’t get sick are known as vectors

9. Let’s Practice!
Pg. 475 – 476
Q & A
Work with a buddy – one sheet of paper for both of you!

10. 35.2Nonspecific Defenses
Include skin, tears and other secretions, inflammatory response, interferon's and fever
First line of defense: skin, which is the most widespread defense

11. 35.2Nonspecific Defenses
Pathogens can enter through the mouth, nose or eyes which are protected by saliva, mucus and tears
Contains lysozyme which breaks down bacterial cell walls
Stomach secretions (acid) also protect

12. 35.2Nonspecific Defenses
Second line of defense includes inflammatory response, interferon's, and fever

13. 35.2Nonspecific Defenses
Inflammatory response causes areas to become red and painful because of histamines (release by mast cells to increase flow of blood and fluids to the area)
White blood cells (phagocytes) will then engulf and destroy bacteria

14. 35.2Nonspecific Defenses
Interferon's inhibit synthesis of viral proteins
Aka “interfere” with viral growth, slowing down the production of new viruses

15. 35.2Nonspecific Defenses
Fever increases body temperature to slow down or stop the growth of some pathogens
Sometimes also speeds up several parts of the immune response

16. 35.2 Specific Defenses
Specific defenses distinguish between “self” and “other” and inactivate / kill any foreign substance or cell that enters the body
Nonspecific = general threat
Specific = particular pathogen

17. 35.2 Specific Defenses
Recognizes specific chemical markers on own cells – own secret password
If the marker is not recognized, will attack and remember it for later as “non-self” so that it can kill it quickly if it enters the body again: immune response

18. 35.2 Specific Defenses
Antigens are any foreign substances that can stimulate an immune response
Found on the outer surface (the “flag”)
Immune responds by increasing # of cells to attack or produce proteins called antibodies

19. 35.2 Specific Defenses
Antibodies tag antigens for destruction by immune cells (the “alert!!”)
The shape of each antibody allows it to bind to only one antigen – very specific

20. 35.2 Specific Defenses Main working cells of the immune system are
B lymphocyte cells: grow and mature in red bone marrow; have antibodies on them; attack in body fluids
T lymphocyte cells: grow in red bone marrow but mature in thymus; have to be presented with antigen to attack

21. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease
Vaccination: injecting a weakened form of a pathogen, or of a similar but less dangerous pathogen, to produce immunity
Jenner

22. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease
Vaccination stimulates the immune system with an antigen. The immune system produces memory B cells and T cells that quicken and strengthen the body’s response to repeated infection

23. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease
2 types of immunity:
Active: natural / deliberate exposure to antigen
Passive: antibodies are produced by other individual or animal and passed through pregnancy, breast milk, or injection (only gives TEMPORARY immunity)

24. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease
1900 – 30% deaths related to infectious diseases
<5% deaths “ “
How? Public health has prevented disease by monitoring & regulating food and water, providing vaccinations, and promoting healthy behaviors

25. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease
Antibiotics can kill bacteria (but CANNOT kill viruses) and some antiviral medications can slow down viral activity
Alexander Fleming – discovered first antibiotic, penicillin

26. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease
We had mostly wiped out polio in the U.S. & eliminated smallpox globally, but now it’s back! Why?
Human / animal interaction
Misuse of medications leads to resistance by pathogens