1. Anatomy in a Nutshell A Review of Human Body Systems -take notes accordingly-

2. Comparing Tissues nerve cell nerve tissue cardiac cell cardiac tissue bone cell bone tissue

3. Locomotion – Bones and Muscles Bones – muscles attach to bones via tendons – two bones connecting make a joint, which are connected by ligaments – bones are living tissue that contain marrow the marrow makes red and white blood cells Muscles Three types of muscle tissue: - cardiac - skeletal - smooth

4. Skin Also known as the Integumentary System – skin aids in body homeostasis temperature regulation protection against disease/bacteria UV rays can cause skin cells to mutate. This is known as melanoma (skin cancer)

5. Digestion Digestion can be both chemical and mechanical. Epiglottis prevents food from entering respiratory system Accessory organs provide digestive juices: – liver/gall bladder – bile – pancreas - insulin The goal of digestion is to break down food so it’s small enough to be used by EVERY cell in your body for cellular respiration. Anus Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Mouth

6. Excretion Kidneys contain nephrons that filter and clean the blood. The filtered waste travels down utreters and collects in the urinary bladder – we call the waste urine. When the bladder is full, the urine leaves through the urethra.

7. Respiration Respiration allows our body to take in OXYGEN needed for cellular respiration. The oxygen enters the blood steam by diffusion out of the alveoli. Breathing Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

8. Circulation When oxygen enters our blood stream through breathing, our HEART must pump that oxygenated blood throughout the body. – Arteries – bring blood away from heart – Capillaries – allows for diffusion of O2 to specific body cells – Veins – bring blood back to heart Artery = AWAY Vein = BACK BLOOD IS: -Plasma -RBCs -WBCs -Platelets

9. Immune Three lines of defense – external barriers – internal barriers (eater cells) – specific defense (smart cells) B-cells and T-Cells Viral Infection has an antigen on it that the host identifies as foreign treated with vaccines/previous exposure Bacterial Infection can be treated with antibiotics too much of an antibiotic can cause resistant bacteria Phagocytosis

10. Nervous CNS – brain, spinal cord PNS – sensory and motor neurons Autosomatic – Involuntary: like digestion Somatic – Voluntary: like muscle movement Brain – Cerebrum: Higher Level Thinking – Medulla Oblongata/Pons/Cerebellum: Primitive Brain Nerve Circuit: sensory neurons  interneuron  motor neuron synapse – the junction between nerve cells where chemical or electrical signals are sent.

11. Endocrine Glands secrete hormones that help with body homeostasis. – Endocrine – ductless, hormones secreted in blood stream – Exocrine – secreted by a duct These hormones are activated by FEEDBACK MECHANISMS. Key Organs and their Hormones: – Pancreas:Insulin – Testes:Testosterone – Ovary:Estrogen

12. Reproductive GAMETES = Sex Cells! All sex cells are made via meiosis, they contain half the chromosome number (haploid). – egg = female gamete – sperm = male gamete The sperm and the egg uniting is fertilization. Zygote  Blastula  Embryo  Fetus The fetus develops in the woman’s uterus. 23 The sperm will carry either the X or Y chromosome. Egg Develops in Ovulation!