1. Clause is a group of related words that contain a subject and a verb. Phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb. 1 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

2. A. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adj. Phrases It can be done when the clause modifies subjective nouns/pronouns using the relative pronouns: who, which, or that. 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

3. b. The topic that was discussed is boring. (clause) The topic discussed is boring. (phrase) c. That is the shirt which is suitable for you. That is the shirt suitable for you. d. The old house that is in the corner is his. The old house in the corner is his. 3 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

4. 2. Omit the pronoun and change the verb to –ingOmit form if there is no be used to form the clause. 4 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

5. A. Reducing Adverb Clauses to Adv. PhrasesReducing It can be done only when the subjects of both sub clause and main clause refer to the same person. 5 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

6. 1.CChanging Adverb Clauses Time to Modifying Phrases This kind of clause is usually introduced by: after, before, while, and since. 6 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

7. Examples: b.Since Marry moved here, she has got a lot of friends. Since moving here, Marry has got a lot of friends. c.After he (had) sold his house, he built a new one.  After selling his house, he built a new one.  After having sold his house, he built a new one. 7 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

8. 2. EExpressions of “During the Same Time” This kind of clause is usually introduced by: while. 8 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

9. b. WWhile Ann was sitting in the class, she fell asleep.  While sitting in the class, Ann fell asleep.  Sitting in the class, Ann fell asleep. 9 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910

10. 3. Expressions of Cause and Effect RelationshipsExpressions This kind of clause is usually introduced by: because. 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102345678910