1. December 1 st Sign in Quick Writing: “How do we explain this? Lecture 12: Gendered Violence Homework – none!

2. “Girl Stoned Was a Child of 13” Answer the following questions in your class notes:  Why do you think 1000 people gathered to watch this girl be stoned to death?  Would the same thing happen to a young boy, man, or older woman? Why or why not?  The girl claimed she was raped, why do you think they accused her of adultery?  What does this incidence tell use about women, sexuality, and violence?

3. Answer Following Questions: Have you ever had an unknown person of the opposite sex yell something to you about your body at a public place? If so, give an example. Have you ever considered changing your plans so you wouldn’t be out late alone? Have you ever been afraid of being physically attacked by a member of the opposite sex when you are out late alone? Have you ever taking a self defense class or thought about taking one? Have your ever bought or received a gift to aid your personal safety, such as pepper spray?

4. Lecture 9 Gendered/Sexual Violence

5. Gendered Violence Violence against women is pervasive in all contemporary cultures  Societies that have a high level of violence and male-dominance have higher rates of gendered/sexual violence Patriarchal cultures legitimize the control and sexual use of women

6. Sexual Violence Sexual violence: violent acts in which sexuality is used to gain control and power 99.8% of the people in prison convicted of rape are men Studies have found that men are responsible for 80% to 95% of child sexual abuse cases whether the child is male or female Among college students nationwide in 2000, between 20% and 25% of women reported experiencing completed or attempted rape

7. Domestic Violence The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that 95% of reported assaults on spouses or ex-spouses are committed by men against women It is estimated that 1 in 4 men will use violence against his partner in his lifetime. One in 12, or 8.2 million women, will be stalked at some point in their lifetime. 80% of the women stalked by intimates had also been physically assaulted by them. The majority of the women who commit murder usually do so as a defense against men who have been battering them for years  90% of the women in jail for murder are there for killing male batterers.

8. Violence in American Society: A Male Problem? Males are most often both the victims and the perpetrators in 90% of homicides. 90% of people who commit violent physical assault are men. The majority of victims of men’s violence are other men (76% M, 24% F) Out of 10,000 cases of road rage over 95% of them were committed by men

9. What do you think explains the epidemic of male violence in our society?

10. Supremacy Crimes Supremacy crimes: sexual violence is used to create fear, gain power, and control  Fear of sexual violence shapes women's behavior Prisons and artificial systems of male dominance increase the likelihood of male-to- male rape  Men who are raped are feminized

11. Sexual Violence & A Culture of Impunity Rape, domestic violence, and other sexual crimes are seen as a “woman’s problem”  ½ of rape reported ends in arrest and 22% are convicted  Marital rape was not illegal in US till 1977 Rape is still considered the fault of the person raped and rape victims often have to prove their innocence  For example, in the case of an 11 year old girl who had been raped in her house by a 33 year old man she met on the internet, the judged reduced his sentence saying “It takes two to tango”

12. A woman’s fault? What are some of the myths in our society about why women are raped? Is there are double-standard? Are men & boys subject to the same myths?

13. Rape as a Weapon of War Violence against women in war time is used to:  Attack men  Provide soldiers with the spoils of war  A tool of genocide (minimize ethnic purity) The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women states in Article 1:  "the term ‘violence against women’ means any act of gender- based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women”  "Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men."

14. Rape as a weapon is backed indirectly by patriarchal systems which legitimize men’s control over women's sexuality  Stigmatizes and isolates women Bosnia  Form of genocide and ethnic cleanings – forcing Muslim women to have Serbian babies  Women and young girls were held in rape camps and forced to be sexual slaves Rwanda  Women were raped or experienced sexual violence as a result of the war – estimates are around 500,000 Sudan  Massive human rights violations committed in the region have included extensive acts of sexual violence, committed in a systematic manner by the Janjawid, often in coordination with Sudanese soldiers and the Sudanese Air Force

15. Rape in the Congo John Holmes, the United Nations under secretary general for humanitarian affairs: “The sexual violence in Congo is the worst in the world,” said. “The sheer numbers, the wholesale brutality, the culture of impunity — it’s appalling.”  Gov’t troops, Hutu militias, and gangs are perpetrators An estimated 70% of rapes include sexual brutality, whereby women are injured, murdered, and/or made to be infertile

16. Indian Infanticide The Lancet reported in early 2006 that there may have been close to 10 million female fetuses aborted in India over the past 20 years  Abortion and the “sharp jerk” method Cultural and socio-economic reasons:  Women are an economic liability – dowry  Family line continued thru sons  Hindu religion requires males to send parents souls to heaven

17. Honor Killings Human Rights Watch: “Honor crimes are acts of violence, usually murder, committed by male family members against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by (individuals within) her family for a variety of reasons, including: refusing to enter into an arranged marriage being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce — even from an abusive husband — or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that "dishonors" her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life.”

18. Violence, Gender, and Power Violence is used to gain and secure power Violence against women is encouraged by sexist ideology Social institutions, as well as individual men, create and continue violence against women  Family, economy, mass media Violence also occurs against others less powerful including children and those who cross gender boundaries

19. Masculinity, Media, and Violence The media help construct violent masculinity as a cultural norm  Unquestioned assumption that violence is not so much a deviation as it is an accepted part of masculinity Media representations of men of color (e.g. news accounts, roles in film, pornography, sports) have disproportionately shown them to be aggressive and violent

20. Attitude is Everything The message of these "attitude" ads links the flaunting of authority to being a rebel - with "attitude" packaged as a cool, desirable male trait These advertisements often depict a mean and nasty world, where vigilante violence is touted as a means of survival

21. Attitude

22. The Cave Man Mentality The "Cave Man Mentality" is the use of violent male icons or heroes from popular history to demonstrate masculinity in advertisements.  Roman centurions, pirates, ancient warriors and even cowboys are used in this context. The message of these ads is that men have always been brutal and aggressive, that this is a part of their nature that they cannot change.

23. Cave Man Mentality

24. The New Warriors "The New Warriors" represent an advertiser's use of military or sports figures to enhance the "manliness" of their products The message here is that violence is cool, suave and acceptable, as consumers are presented with an adventurous, aggressive and violent image of manhood

25. Heroic Masculinity

26. Muscles and the "Ideal" Man Throughout this century, a rippling, muscular body has been associated with an image of ideal manhood  Size and strength are associated with social power and dominance A muscular man in an advertisement associates dominance and control with the product being sold

27. “This is Sparta!!!” Look at how the images of Spartan men are juxtaposed against images of the Persians and women.  What do you notice?  http://youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ

28. When does it start? Masculinty in Disney Movies http://youtube.com/watch?v=8CWMCt35oFY &feature=related

29. Tough Guise The role the media plays for young men in the construction of “masculinity” http://youtube.com/watch?v=3exzMPT4nGI