1. Chapter 2 The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America Web

2. Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain Calvinist ideas posed challenge to Catholicism Anglican Church French Huguenot movement, Dutch Reformed Church, and Presbyterian Church of Scotland all embraced Calvinist principles Gave rise to Puritanism in England Predestination France, the Netherlands, and England—all powerful Protestant countries—challenged Spanish power in Europe and abroad

3. Early French Explorers Giovanni da Verrazano explored Atlantic coast from Carolinas to Nova Scotia in 1534 Huguenots Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence Valley between 1534 and 1543 Samuel de Champlain led eleven voyages to Canada by 1645 Established colony at Acadia (Nova Scotia) Founded Quebec in 1608 Sought friendly relations with Native Americans Efforts were made to restrain fur trade in the colony’s population Coureurs de Bois Population 3,000 by 1750

4. Early French Explorers (cont) Catholicism only acceptable religion in 1625 Important role of Jesuit Missionaries Totally opposed to presence of Protestants in colony Believed the Indians could retain their traditions while still accepting Catholicism Concentrated attention on five confederated Huron nations Mastered Indian languages and cultures Only Europeans who measured up to Indian standards of bravery Lost ground after 1640s and especially after the crown assumed control of New France after 1663

5. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. New France and the Jesuit Missions

6. New France Under Louis XIV Louis tried to transform colony into model absolutist society Governor general Professional soldiers to provide defense Seigneurs Frenchmen also settled in the Caribbean Founded sugar colonies on Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe, and Martinique boucanier

7. Dutch and Swedish Settlements Became leaders in spread of personal liberties and religious toleration Political power was decentralized States General Local leaders favored free trade and resisted monarchical control Dutch East India Company chartered in 1602 Replaced Portuguese in Spice Islands Henry Hudson

8. Dutch and Swedish Settlements ( Dutch and Swedish Settlements (cont) Dutch West India Company chartered in 1621 Controlled African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America New Netherland established in 1624 on present- day Manhattan Depended on goodwill of nearby Indians Traded furs from urban centers; did not venture inland Established large estates (“patroonships”) North America’s first experiment in ethnic and religious toleration Population rose markedly after 1647

9. Swedish and English Encroachments New Netherland experiment in ethnic and religious pluralism New Sweden founded in 1638 at present-day Wilmington near the mouth of the Delaware River Land claimed by New Netherland Primarily Swedish and Lutheran in orientation Conflict with New Netherland Threatened by English expansion from Virginia and New England Yankees

10. Role of English Reformation Rise of Puritans and Separatists and their role in overseas expansion Example of Ireland English formed their preconceptions about American Indians largely from contact with the Irish Sir Humphrey Gilbert makes efforts to subdue the Irish in the 1560s Used as springboard for colonizing America Claimed Newfoundland in 1583 Colonization efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh Roanoke Island founded in 1585 No sign of colony left in 1590 Challenge from Elizabethan England

11. Chesapeake and West Indian Colonies London Company launched expedition in 1607 Settled on James River and founded Jamestown Jamestown settlement Colonists focused on survival Settlers survived only because of Indians John Smith Pocahontas Colony almost abandoned in 1610 Role of tobacco in colony’s early survival Selected its own assembly, the House of Burgesses Conflict with Indians decimated colony in 1622 Crown assumed control of the colony in 1624, making Virginia a royal colony Headright system

12. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Virginia Company Charter, 1606

13. Chesapeake (cont’d) Colony thrived between 1622 and the 1640s Indentured servants Indian wars almost continuous until 1632 Tobacco exports financed purchase of indentured servants Social mobility allowed former servants to purchase land until tobacco prices fell in 1660 Oligarchy Thereafter, richest 15 percent of population dominated society

14. Maryland Established in 1632 as haven for persecuted English and Irish Catholics Proprietary colony, as were most new colonies after 1630 Most settlers ended up being Protestant Toleration Act of 1649 granted freedom of religion to all Christians Bicameral legislature established Agricultural products included tobacco, corn, and livestock No established church or vestries until 1690s

15. Chesapeake Family Life Population became self-sustaining around 1680 Life expectancy lower than in England Marriage practices differed from England Importance of extended family connections Weak patriarchal ties

16. West Indies and the Transition to Slavery Slave labor used by Barbados sugar plantations in the 1650s By 1700, slaves outnumbered Europeans there Conditions for slaves were terrible Sugar islands profitable into the 18th century First Africans arrived in Virginia before 1619 Initially were probably indentured servants Slave system firmly established in the Chesapeake after 1680 Established racial caste system throughout the colonies

17. New England Colonies Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 Initially intended to settle in Virginia Blown off course and ended up well north of Virginia’s boundaries Mayflower Compact bound settlers to accept will of the majority Received extensive help from local Wampanoag Indians Sachem

18. New England Colonies New England Colonies (cont) Puritans secured charter in 1629 Established colony for the Massachusetts Bay Company Settlers arrived in waves, created numerous towns About 13,000 settlers arrived in New England by 1641 Colony prospered economically, but eroded religiously Anne Hutchinson Non-Separatists Colony developed own institutions Open Field agriculture Chamber of Deputies Body of Liberties (1641) Puritan religious life Infant baptism Half-Way covenant

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20. The First Restoration Colonies English Civil Wars Charles I Oliver Cromwell “Restoration” government Carolina founded in 1663 Former servants from Maryland and Virginia founded North Carolina Former servants from Barbados established South Carolina Proprietors drafted Fundamental Constitutions in 1669 Sought to establish ideal Aristocratic society Rejected repeatedly by colonists from 1670 to 1700 Colonists established far more diversified economy than proprietors anticipated The two Carolinas became separate colonies in the early 18th century

21. First Restoration Colonies First Restoration Colonies (cont’d) South Carolina became leader in rice production –Triggered massive growth of slavery New York established in 1664 Took over land claimed by New Netherland Conflict between English and Dutch settlers Initially, little provision for self-government

22. Brotherly Love: The Quakers and America Quakers had experienced persecution from other Christians in England Opposed slavery, disdained formal religious trappings Supported full equality of the sexes Public friends Settled in Delaware valley between 1675 and 1690 Web

23. West New Jersey New Jersey became separate proprietary colony in 1665 Offered greater self-government than New York, which made it more attractive to English settlers West New Jersey Concession and Agreements Continued demands for self-government resulted in convening of legislatures in 1683 Adopted a Charter of Liberties

24. Pennsylvania William Penn received charter from Charles II for new colony of Pennsylvania Maintained friendly relations with Indian neighbors First Frame of Government (1682) laid out initial government Revised in Second Frame, or Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, in 1683 Became a haven for all religions Colony quickly became an economic success

25. Discussion Questions Compare and contrast the exploration of North America by Britain and France. Which nation was more successful? How did their dealings with Natives differ? Compare and contrast the roles of religion and economics in the early history of the New England colonies. What role did the political struggles of Britain play in the formation of the early colonies? Compare the development, successes, and failures of the Massachusetts Bay and Pennsylvania colonies.