3.  people depended on the river for their daily needs  rich soil  Trade with other people  Twin capitals—at Harappa and at Mohenjo-daro  Harrappan civilization was advanced  citadel overlooked city  grain was stored in large warehouses in case of famine  Had a system of weights and measures to help trade with other cultures, mainly Mesopotamia  first people in the world to grow cotton and turn it into dyed cloth  dug ditches and canals to irrigate their farms  Had a system of writing  They used a common currency  Most striking of all is their well planned cities  drainage systems that led to brick-lined sewers  lived in brick buildings, some two and three stories high  by 1700 B.C., the Harappan Civilization had disappeared  http://www.mohenjodaro.net/ http://www.mohenjodaro.net/

4.  Chandragupta: overthrew the Aryans and formed a new empire over all of northern India and into Afghanistan  Died in 298 BC and was succeeded by his son & then grandson: Asoka  Asoka made the Mauryan Empire even stronger, but his victories were so bloody and awful, that he gave up warfare  He converted from traditional Indian Hinduism to the new faith of Buddhism, and he used his power to the new religion  After Asoka died in 231 BC, though, his sons and grandsons were not as strong rulers as he was, and the Mauryan Empire gradually fell apart

5.  In 319 AD, the king Chandragupta II managed to unite all of northern India into a great empire again  The Gupta kings were not Buddhists but Hindus, following the older Indian religion  But in 455 AD the Huns invaded India from the north and destroyed the Guptan Empire  After that, India was split into small kingdoms again until the Muslim invasions around 1000 AD

6.  Rulers were efficient  knew how to govern firmly; not harshly  Mathematics:  the value of "Pi“ discussed  Algebra was developed  concepts of zero and infinity were found  symbols of numbers 1 to 9 were devised  Astronomy  theory that the earth was not flat but round  theory of gravity  Medicine  doctors performed operations

7.  considered to be the first true dynasty of China  first group of people from China with written records  oracle bones were turtle shells with a question written on  It was then cracked and interpreted  Sacrifice to the gods and the ancestors was also a major part of the Shang religion  hundreds of slaves and prisoners were often sacrificed and buried with dead rulers

8.  1040 B.C. :The Zhou defeated the Shang in warfare  It is believed that this was possible b/c the Shang had become immoral  idea of the Mandate of Heaven says that the gods place the task of ruling on any family that is morally worthy of the responsibility  If the ruler is overthrown, then the victors had the Mandate of Heaven (dynastic cycle)

9.  The Zhou kept much of the Shang lifestyle  used the knowledge of the Shang artisans  adopted much of the Shang writing system  The Zhou however, began a different form of governing, which was based on feudalism  Land was given to people in elaborate ceremonies. The landowners owed their fortune to the king.  Descent became patriarchal, from father to son, rather than from eldest brother to youngest brother as practiced by the Shang.  The Zhou also brought their religion with them.  banned human sacrifice  worshipped the sun and stars

10.  Started by a man named Lao Tzu who lived a little before Confucius, about 600 BC  Lao Tzu believed that the way to happiness was for people to learn to "go with the flow." Instead of trying to get things done the hard way, people should take the time to figure out the natural, or easy way to do things, and then everything would get done more simply. This idea is called "wu-wei", which means "doing by not doing".  Also thought that everything alive in the universe shared in a life-force. There were two sides to the life-force, which are called the yin and the yang.  The yin (the dark side) is the side of women, the moon, things that are still like ponds, and completion and death. The yang (the light side) is the side of men, the sun, things that move like rivers, dragons, and creation and birth. Everyone has some yin and some yang in them, and Taoism says that it is important to keep them balanced. Chinese doctors believed that a lot of illnesses were caused by too much yin or too much yang.  He also thought it was wrong for governments (or anybody else) to make a lot of rules and laws about how people should behave. Taoism was against anything with rules, like special food diets. He thought people should make their own decisions in each situation.

11.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-- AFCI4HCU&feature=player_embedded#! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-- AFCI4HCU&feature=player_embedded#  philosopher in ancient China, about 500 BC  His main idea was that people could achieve peace by doing their duty  people should obey the law, and do what the emperor and government officials told them to do  At the same time, the government should do its duty to the people, and not abuse them or ask too much of them.  Because Confucius wanted to make government officials behave better, the Chinese government did not like him while he was alive.  But after Confucius died, later emperors of China did use many of his ideas.