1. Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life

2. The Nature of Matter Atoms Nucleus – Protons (+) – Neutrons (neutral – no charge) Electrons (-) found outside the nucleus on energy levels Element Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons Isotopes – same element, different # of neutrons, so different mass #

3. Chemical Bonds Compounds – chemical combination of 2 or more elements Ionic bonds – 1 element GIVES an electron to another (forms ions) – Ex. NaCl Covalent bond – 2 elements SHARE an electron – Ex. H 2 O Covalent bonds form molecules Cohesion vs. adhesion Why is water universal solvent? It’s polarity! What is a polar molecule?

4. pH Scale 07 14 Very Acidic Neutral Very Basic Acid – Ex. Hydrochloric acid, also in many fruits Base – Ex. Cleaners, detergents

5. Carbon Chemistry Vocabulary : – Macromolecule – Polymer – Monomer – Polysaccharide – Monosaccharide – Disaccharide Examples: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

6. Carbohydrates Sugars (lactose, glucose, etc) Main source of energy Used for structural purposes Saccharide = sugar Lactose was the sugar we separated from the skim milk in the Milk is Natural Lab

7. Nucleic Acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Genetic material/heridity Consists of nucleotides (monomer)

8. Proteins Monomer – amino acids Energy/builds muscle/burns fat Casein, lactalbumin, lactoglobulins were the proteins we separated from the skim milk!

9. Lipids Monomer – fatty acids Store energy Waterproofing agents Fats, oils, waxes

10. Chemical Reactions Reactants go into reactions Products are what come out of reaction Activation energy is the energy required to START a chemical reaction Endothermic – takes in energy Exothermic – releases energy

11. Enzymes Catalyst – speeds up rate of reaction Enzymes – biological catalysts – speed up chemical reactions in living things. Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy Substrate is what enzyme is working on….reactants

12. Enzymes are… Specific in function Reusable Biological proteins Can be denatured by a change in pH or temperature Specific in shape – their shape determines their function! Used for only 1 specific task (reaction)