1. Basic Biochemistry The Chemical Context of Life

2. Hierarchy of Biological Order

3. Atoms Building block of matter. Composed of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons in orbits around nucleus They have mass They interact and bond to make molecules.

4. Ions An atom with a net + or – charge because it has either lost or gained an electron. Examples: H +, Cl -, Na +

5. Molecules Molecules are formed by 2 important bonds: ionic and covalent. Ionic bonds are formed between ions. The positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged ion.

6. Molecules Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share elections.

7. Hydrogen bonds Weak bonds formed between + charged H atom of H 2 O and the slightly – charged atom of oxygen of another H 2 O molecule. This leads to important properties of water: Cohesion, Surface tension, Capillary action, Stable temperature, Universal solvent.

8. Water

9. Organic Chemistry The study of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon. Functional groups: clusters of atoms that attach to carbons.

10. 4 Major Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

11. Carbohydrates Sugars Energy source Provide storage and structure Monosaccharide- simple sugars Ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose

12. Carbohydrates Disaccharide- two sugars Polysaccharide- many sugars

13. Lipids Fats, Oils, Steroids Insoluble in water Fatty acid chains attached to glycerol Important examples: phospholipids, steroids

15. DNA & RNA Made up of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base Nucleic Acids

16. Proteins Many important jobs in structure and function of living things. Nearly all proteins are enzymes. Made up of the 20 amino acids.

17. Proteins

18. Proteins must have a specific shape and structure. If the structure is destroyed, the function is also destroyed.