1. The World of European Culture
Chapter 14-4

2. European Culture
The religious & political conflicts of the 17th century were reflected in the periods art, literature, & political thought of the time
Art produced aroused the emotions, literature spoke of the human condition, political thinkers debated concerns over power & order

3. Art After the Renaissance
Mannerism & the baroque movement began in Italy & quickly spread throughout Europe
The art that was produced depicted the tension of religious spirituality
Mannerism emerged in Italy in 1520 & lasted until 1530
As the Reformation brought political & religious turmoil the enthusiasm for the Renaissance declined as people sought a more spiritual experience
Mannerism art reflected this new desire as principles of balance, harmony, color, etc. were put aside in favor of showing figures that represented suffering, heightened emotions, & religious ecstasy

4. Art After the Renaissance
Mannerism reached its high point in the work of El Greco
El Greco was not only a painter but also an author as he wrote many books on painting
His career stalled for a period as many believe that It was because he criticized the work of Michelangelo while he resided in Italy
Once he moved to Spain his career again gained prominence
The mood of his work reflect the tensions created by the religious upheavals of the reformation

5. The Baroque Period
Mannerism was eventually replaced by the Baroque movement
This movement began in Italy at the end of the 16th century and eventually spread to the rest of Europe and Latin America
It was eagerly adopted by the Catholic reform movement as shown in the richly detailed buildings at catholic courts
Baroque artists tried to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissance art and the spiritual feelings of the 16th century religious revival
In large part Baroque art and architecture reflected a search for power
Perhaps the greatest figure of the borough. Was the Italian architecture and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome

6. The Baroque Period
The baroque painting style was known for its use of dramatic effects to arouse the motions
The baroque style of art did not just flourish in Italy as Peter Paul Rubens embodies the baroque movement in Flanders, the Spanish Netherlands
Rubens is best known for his depictions of the human form and action

7. England’s Shakespeare
A cultural flowering took place in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries
The period is often called the Elizabethan Era, because so much of it fell within the reign of Queen Elizabeth
Of all the forms of Elizabethan literature, none expressed the energy of the era better than drama
Of all the dramatists, none is more famous than William Shakespeare
Elizabethan theatre was very successful as they supported many theaters, including the Globe, a circular, unrest structure holding 3000 people, to the Blackfriars, a roofed structure that held only 500

8. England’s Shakespeare
The Globe’s admission charge of one or two pennies enabled even the lower classes to attend
The higher prices of the Blackfriars brought an audience of the will to do
Because Elizabeth audiences varied greatly works were created that please nobles, lawyers, merchants, and vagabonds alike
William Shakespeare was a complete men of the theater as he had long been viewed as a universal genius
In this tragedies and in his comedies, Shakespeare showed a remarkable understanding of the human condition

9. Spain’s Cervantes & Vega
One of the crowning achievements of the golden age of Spanish literature was the work of Miguel de Cervantes
His novel Don Quixote has been hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time
The theater was one of the most creative forms of expression during Spain’s golden century as well
The first professional theaters were run by actors companies, as they were in England

10. Political Thought
The 17th century concerns with the order and power were reflected in the political thought of the time
The English revolutions of the 17th century prompted very different responses from two increased political thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

11. Thomas Hobbes
Hobbs was alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in England
He wrote Leviathan, a work and political thought, to try to deal with the problem of disorder
Hobbs claimed that before society was organized, human life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
Humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self preservation
To save themselves from destroying one another, people made a social contract and agreed to form a state, which comps called the state “ had great Leviathan to which we owe our peace and defense
People in the state agreed to be governed by an absolute ruler who possessed unlimited power and where rebellion was suppressed
Two Hobbs, such an absolute power was needed to preserve order in society

12. John Locke
Locke wrote his views on political thought in his Two Treatises of Government in 1679 and 1680
His works were viewed as too radical and too dangerous to be published and would not first appear until 1690
Locke would argue against the absolute rule of one person
He would describe how governments are formed and what justifies them

13. John Locke
Locke believe that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of the quality and freedom rather than in a state of war
In his state of nature, no one was necessarily sovereign over any one else as he believed all humans had certain natural rights-rights with which they were born
These included rights to life, liberty, and property
Like Hobbs, Locke believed that problems existed in the state of nature or that people found it difficult to protect their natural rights
For that reason, they agreed to establish a government to ensure the protection of their rights and to judge those who violated them

14. John Locke
The contract between people and government involved mutual obligations
The government would protect the rights of the people, and the people would act responsibly to force the government
However, if a government broke the contract the people would be within their rights to remove or alter the government says it betrayed their trust
Locke was not an advocate of democracy, but his ideas proved important to both the Americans and the French as they were used to support demands for constitutional government, rule of law, and detection of rights
Locke’s ideas are found in both the American Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution