1. Building a German Nation Simona Giambrone Travis High School

2. Steps toward Unity

3. Impact of Napoleon annexed lands along the Rhine River for France Dissolved HRE and reorganized German states into Rhine confederation Made many enlightenment changes, but not everybody appreciated that Napoleon loses….German Confederation created with Austria as head.

4. Prussian Leadership 1830’s-Prussia created economic union called the Zolverein purpose was to dismantle tariff barriers b/t German states 1848Frederick William IV was offered German throne but decided to reject it.

5. Otto von Bismarck And German Unity

6. Bismark………. Comes from Prussia’s Junker class (conservative landowning nobles)became Became Chancellor in 1862 United Germany with in ten years.

7. Bismarck’s Beliefs Realpolitik realistic politics based on the needs of the state. Power more important than principles Not a German nationalist but rather loyal to the ruling dynasty in Prussia

8. Bismarck’s Goal Through unification he hoped to bring more power to the Hohenzollerns

9. Bismarck's Leadership Build up the Prussian army (but because the legislature would not allocate funds, be used money allocated for other things.

10. Leadership contd……….. Led Prussia in three wars

11. War with Denmark and Austria 1864 made alliance with Austria They seized provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark

12. 1866 Bismarck invents a reason to go to war with Austria/wins/ and creates new German federation BUT does allow Austria to remain independent state “We had to avoid leaving behind any desire for revenge.”

13. Franco-Prussian War in 1870 (Napoleon III is in power in France) Bismarck uses French menace under Napoleon to stir up nationalism Bismarck tricks the French into declaring war on Prussia Prussia along with other German states crush French who had to accept humiliated peace deal

14. The German Empire 1871- William I of Prussia becomes Kaiser and the empire becomes known as the Second Reich Drafted constitution Two house legislature: Bundersrat was upper house and Reichstag was lower house Bundersrat could veto Reichstag so real power was in the hands of the Chancellor and the nobles

15. Strengthening Germany

16. Germany becomes Industrial Giant Had resources Population explosion = many workers Promoted education Ensured economic development

17. The Iron Chancellor

18. Bismarck’s Foreign Policy Goals Keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria and Russia Respected British naval power but did not wish to compete in that arena

19. Bismarck’s Domestic Goals Sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state (Germany) Target Catholics and Socialists to make sure this happened!

20. Bismarck vs. The Church Catholics were 1/3 of the population Bismarck was Lutheran Believed Catholics would be more loyal to the Pope than to Germany itself Launched the Kulturkampf or “battle for civilization” forcing Catholic loyalty to the State

21. How? Passed laws giving the state the right to supervise Catholic education and approve of and appoint priests Passed laws closing some religious orders Expelled Jesuits from Prussia Made it mandatory for couples to be married by civil authority

22. Effects………… Actions backfired Catholic Center party gained strength in the Reichstag Bismarck (the realist) realized his mistake and tried to “make nice” with the Church (Realpolitik)

23. Bismarck vs. Socialists Feared socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution Result was high standard of social reform in Germany = health insurance, retirement etc…….

24. Kaiser William II Became Kaiser in 1888 Asks Bismarck to resign Saw himself as a divine right ruler so Bismarck is a personal threat Continued social reforms to certain groups Spent huge amounts on the German military

25. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

26. Nationalism unites Germany and Italy But, Splits Austria and Ottomans

27. Austria Hapsburgs were oldest ruling family in Europe Controlled Bohemia and Hungary Ruled parts of Romania, Poland, the Ukraine and Italy, but all wanted to be free of Hapsburg rule (nationalism)

28. ` 1867-Hungary works out a deal with Austria called a Dual Monarchy This means the emperor of Austria still ruled as King of Hungary, but Austria and Hungary were separate states and could make their own laws Gives Hungary a sense of independence (nationalism)

29. Ottomans Ruled huge empire Home to Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, and Romanians. 1800’s rebellions begin

30. Serbians win freedom in 1817 South of Greece freed itself in 1830’s Indicated weakness in Ottoman Empire so Russia, Austria- Hungary, Britain and France all took part in wars and changing alliances. Ottoman empire is drastically reduced in size and power

31. Russia: Reform and Reaction

32. Russia no industrial giant! Czars feared change might weaken their control Rigid system of social classes blocked progress Wealthy nobles owned all farmland and cared little about industry Middle class too small to have much power

33. Most Russians were serfs (prevented progress) 1861- Alexander II freed serfs but reforms were not enough for Russian people so he was killed in 1881.

34. Alexander III… Persecuted all non-Russians Insisted on one language (Russian) and one church – the Russian Orthodox Church Jews were beaten and killed in attacks known as pogroms (many fled to stay alive)

35. Nicholas II….. In the last part of Alexander III’s reign and under his son Nicholas II, Russia enters the industrial age Factory owners treated workers unfairly Priests lead march to the palace of czar demanding reforms Soldiers killed hundreds of the protesters = Bloody Sunday

36. Bloody Sunday sparked Revolution!

37. Causes of Russian Revolution.. Low spirits after defeat in 1904 war with Japan Poverty and bad working conditions Corrupt government Persecution of minority groups “Bloody Sunday” killings

38. Results of Russian Revolution! “October Manifesto”-Czar Nicholas II announces reforms and new freedoms Nicholas Ii sets up the Duma which must approve all laws Nicholas II dissolves the first Duma when its leaders criticize the government Jewish persecution continues New voting laws limit powers of later Dumas

39. Real Changes………… Not much …………….give and take back policy to appease revolutionaries.