1. Review for Russian Revolution/Fascism Test Make sure you have definitions for the following Vocabulary: ProletariatSovietCommissarCommand Economy CollectiveKulakTotalitarian StateAtheism Socialist RealismDisarmamentOverproductionChancellor Concentration Camp

2. Essay Question Theme: Change (Individuals) Historical Context: The beliefs and achievements of individuals have changed global history. These beliefs and achievements have had positive and negative effects on society. Task: ▫Identify one individual who has changed global history and for this individual:  Explain two beliefs or achievements of that individual.  Discuss the positive and/or negative effects of the individual's belief or achievement.

3. Russian Revolution(s) Czars made few reforms to ease the nation’s tensions Radical groups plotted against the Czar Defeats in WWI and food shortages drove the czar to abdicate (leave power) Provisional government set up by the Duma; soviets  councils of workers and soldiers

4. Lenin Leader of the Bolsheviks (Russian Communist/Socialist Party) Adopted Marx’s ideas for Russia (no large urban proletariat  population of workers) so an elite would become the “dictatorship of the proletariat” Returns from exile to lead a new revolution; “red guards” seize power from provisional government Lenin promises “peace, land and bread”

5. Civil War and NEP For three years “reds” (Communists) and “whites” fought for control of Russia; Communists win by 1921 Lenin creates Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922 NEP (New Economic Plan): government took over banks, foreign trade, and large industries; small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit.

6. Stalin Stalin wins control of USSR in 1929 Expands NEP into “5 year plans”: building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output. Collectivization: agriculture was brought under government control. Peasants forced to live on state- owned farms/collectives Comitern established to help revolutions in other countries Stalin used force, terror and propaganda to maintain control ; religion is outlawed (“the state” is the new religion)

7. Great Depression Causes: WWI debt and devastation; overproduction; overuse of credit; American stock market crash Effects: widespread unemployment and suffering; countries protect economies with tariffs; rise of fascism and Nazism

8. Mussolini Leader of Italian Fascist party Fascism is political ideology that believes in strong nationalism, militarism and obedience; different than Communism (pro-capitalist; no interest in helping other countries) Mussolini gains control of Italy by intimidation and brutality; transforms Italy into a dictatorship People accept fascists because conditions are so bad—they want law, order and new opportunities

9. Weimar Republic and Hitler Weimar Republic: government set up in Germany after WWI ▫Germany people angry over Versailles Treaty ▫Too many parties in legislature ▫Massive inflation and unemployment Hitler emerges as leader of National Socialist (Nazi) party Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) lays out ideas of nationalism, militarism and racism that Hitler believes can save Germany Elected to legislature, Hitler is named chancellor and begins program of rebuilding and racially “purifying” Germany