1. Imagine a nerve cell that measures 125 µm x 1 µm x 1 µm. Predict how its surface area-to- volume ratio compare with those in the project yesterday. Then calculate the ratio and check out your prediction. How does the endosymbiotic theory explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells? Antibiotics usually only effective against bacteria and kill them by reacting with their cell wall. Explain how it is possible that antibiotics do not destroy other cells.

2. What are biofilms and how did they potentially contribute to the evolution of cells? How do bacteria perform cellular respiration if they don’t have mitochondria and photosynthesis if they don’t have chloroplasts? If bacteria only reproduce asexually, how can they have such a wide genetic diversity?

3. The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells. Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the identification

4. Males afflicted with Kartagener’s syndrome are sterile because of immotile sperm, and they tend to suffer from lung infections. This disorder has a genetic basis. Suggest what the underlying defect might be. List organelles that you would expect to see in large numbers in the following cells: – Cells that specialize in water transport – Cells that specialize in motion – Cells that specialize in protein hormone production – Cells that specialize in steroid hormone production – Cells that specialize in detoxification

5. Do plants have mitochondria? Why or why not? Describe structural and functional distinctions between rough and smooth ER. Describe what the endomembrane system is and how it is an interconnected entity within the cell. Describe how transport vesicles integrate the endomembrane system. Describe the path of a protein from the nucleus where the genetic information is stored for its production to its final destination outside of the cell.

6. Explain how the structure of the Golgi apparatus fits to perform its function. Explain how the structure of the smooth ER fits to perform its function. Explain how the structure of microfilaments and microtubules fit to perform their functions. Describe the location and the general structure of the extracellular layer of cells. How does this structure fit to perform its function? How would an animal cell be impacted by the loss or depletion of an extracellular matrix? What would happen if plant cells did not have any plasmodesmata?

7. And one more really evil question on cell structure: The polypeptide chain that makes up a tight junction waves back and forth through the membrane four times, with two extracellular loops, and one loop plus short C-terminal and N-terminal tails in the cytoplasm. What would you predict about the types of amino acid side chains that make up the tight-junction protein?