1. Chemical level of organization

2. Most common elements in the body:
Major elements: (96%)
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Lesser elements (3%)
Phosphorus
Calcium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron
Potassium

3. The role of chemistry in the body
Cells need energy
Get energy from food: carbs, protein, fats
Bring raw material into cells

4. Metabolism: inside the cells
Anabolism: building; requires energy; ex: building protein from a.a
Catabolism: breakdown; releases energy to be converted to ATP

5. Organic compounds Types: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids,
Contain carbon
Large
Contain carbon skeleton + functional groups

6. 1. Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates store energy.
Classified by size

7. Types of carbs Monosaccharides: smaller
immediate energy source
glucose
fructose
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides
Broken down before absorbed
sucrose (table sugar) (glucose + fructose)
lactose

8. Types of carbohydrates (cont.)
Polysaccharides:
very long sugars
not sweet
EX:
Glycogen: in humans, stored excess sugar in liver & skeletal muscles
starches: found in plants (potatoes, rice, corn)
Cellulose: found in plants, “fiber”, protect plant cells humans can not digest

9. 2. lipids 20% of healthy adult Hydrophobic:–repel water
Long-term energy storage.
Too much can be harmful.

10. Types of lipids
triglycerides: 3 carbon backbone with three fatty acids attached
more energy than carbs and proteins
Stored as adipose tissue

11. Types of triglycerides
saturated: solid at room temperature, “saturated” with hydrogen atoms.
Monounsaturated: contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains, avocados, nuts, olive oil, peanut oil
Polyunsaturated: even fewer hydrogen atoms, corn oil, sunflower oil, fish.

12. b. phospholipids
cell membranes

13. c. Steroids
Hydrophobic, rings of carbon
Ex: sex hormones: estrogen and testosterone, vitamin D, cholesterol: found in membranes that surround cells (necessary, but too much is bad)

14. d. others
ex: vitamin E,K, and beta-carotenes

15. 3. Proteins composed of amino acids Contain C, H, O, N, & sometimes S.
“folded” shape  determines function
Organisms use only 20 aa to make proteins- Different combinations produce different proteins.
Ex: hormones, antibodies, enzymes speed up some reactions.
Denature: unravel and lose shape
pH, salt, temp.

16. Protein catabolism
Breakdown releases nitrogen: recycled or converted to urea (by the liver) to be urinated.
If liver failure: inc. blood ammonia (NH3) levels (ammonia is toxic to brain cells)

17. 4. Nucleic acids Contain C, H, O, N, & P.
contain hereditary or genetic information.
Code for proteins
Substructures called nucleotides.
2 types: DNA & RNA.